Project Gutenberg's Abraham Lincoln in Our Own County, by Henry M. Beardsley

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.



Title: Abraham Lincoln in Our Own County

Author: Henry M. Beardsley

Release Date: June 2, 2017 [EBook #54833]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN OUR OWN COUNTY ***




Produced by Paul Clark and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive) Last Edit of Project Info









                            Abraham Lincoln
                                  in
                            Our Own County

                               A Thesis.

                       For the Degree of M.L. in
                            the College of
                        Literature and Science

        Henry M. Beardsley 1880.    Ill. Ind. Univ. June 9 ’80




Abraham Lincoln in Our Own County.


We visit scenes of historic interest, because we seem to feel that the
presence of the heroes, whose fame they help to keep, is there. Our
fair West is yet new, and, save the legends of Indian battles and of
the mound builders before them, has little of history. But from our
state, young as it is, great true men have gone forth; and one who
stands above them all, is best known and best honored of them all, was
once here in our midst. The plain streets and surroundings have for us
an additional interest, since we know that Abraham Lincoln has been
here. There are men among us now who have known him and greeted him as
honest old Abe Lincoln, the rail-splitter.

It was nearly forty years ago that he first came to attend court here.
He was oft times advised to go to Chicago and build up for himself a
profitable business, which he was abundantly able to do. Inducements
were offered him. But he preferred to ride around the circuit with a
crowd of friendly lawyers, telling stories and studying in his odd
moments. Of his power in the former direction, we all know. M^cCarthy,
in his “History of Our Own Times”, in describing Palmerston’s power for
story-telling compares him with Bismark in his early days, and with our
own Lincoln.

Well as Lincoln loved his fun, he was a diligent student. When a boy,
he had possessed but few opportunities for getting an education; so
that what little he had was picked up at odd moments. He used to carry
with him, on the circuit, text-books such as are used in school. At
one time when here, he had a geometry, over which he used to pore like
an ambitious school boy. At another time, he had a copy of Euclid.
The last time he was here, not long before he was elected to the
Presidency, he was studying German. He had a little book such as in
popular phrase is known as an “easy method.” The German sentence was
written upon one line; and upon the line below it was the translation
in English. As honest in this work as in every thing else, he had
prepared a little card with a hole through the centre, just wide enough
and long enough to allow one line to be seen at a time. He would lay
the card upon his book so that he could see the German sentence; then
after puzzling over it, until he thought he had mastered it, he would
slip down the card, and if his translation had been correct, would slap
himself upon the knee, evidently well pleased with his work. Under such
difficulties as these, the great man drilled his mind. It was a rich
heart back of all that made the simple treasures of his mind gleam as
they did.

Judge Cunningham has hanging upon the walls at his home, a picture of
Lincoln, which shows him as he was known among us. His face was clean
shaven, and his dark-brown hair thrown carelessly back from his high
forehead. The upper part of his face was handsome; and there was a sort
of wistful look about the eyes that would, even in the picture, hold
one’s attention. The leathery skin was folded upon his face. About
the mouth, there was a firmness that gave additional meaning to every
feature. Looking upon the face, you would feel yourself drawn to it
by a sort of mysterious attraction. His dress showed negligence, yet
was always clean. He scarcely ever carried with him but one suit of
clothing and hence the following incident:

During the years of his practice here, there was in Urbana a short,
stout Jew by the name of Alschuler, who kept a daguerreotype gallery.
As Lincoln was becoming somewhat famous, the Jew pressed to come up to
the gallery and sit for a picture. Finally, rather pleased himself at
the idea, the statesman stepped in one day, when he had gained a little
leisure from his work, attired in a long linen coat. Now a linen coat
is the worst sort of an affair to have on when one sits for a picture;
and so the Jew objected strongly. “But,” said Mr. Lincoln, “this is
all the coat I have brought with me from home.” “Ha! Ha! I have it--I
have it,” said the artist, after a moment’s pause; “You shall wear my
coat.” Readily assenting to the proposition, Mr Lincoln removed his own
coat and put on that of the Jew. It was scarcely an improvement; for
the garment of the Jew was, by far, too short, while the sleeves came
little beyond his elbows. But this difficulty was soon easily remedied.
At the Artist’s desire, Mr. Lincoln seated himself in a chair, and
after carefully adjusting the coat, put his hands behind him and thus
sat for his picture.

From Lincoln’s first appearance here until 1859, there appear upon the
court records the names of but few lawyers now practicing in our midst.
There were others, like Mr. Lincoln, who travelled around the circuit.
Prominent among these were Mr Swett, now of Chicago. Mr. Lamon, David
Davis, afterwards judge of the circuit, and O. B. Ficklin, member of
Congress from the district south of us. These were a jovial set of
men, who knew well how to appreciate Lincoln’s stories. The old hotel
in Urbana, stood across the street from where the St. Nicholas now
stands; and during the noon hour, and oft times until in the night
time, passers by could hear the roars of laughter provoked by these
stories. Judge Davis used to delight in these as heartily as the best.
Coming here from some other court in the circuit on the first evening,
so soon as the crowd of lawyers had gathered together at the hotel,
Davis would say: “Now, Lincoln let us have _that story_”--and the story
once begun, the evening was filled with merriment.

There are some who remember Lincoln as he appeared in court. He was
very tall (six feet four), and very awkward. He used to sit with one
of his long legs hanging over the other, the toe of the shoe on one
locked behind the heel of the other. When he arose to speak, he seemed
much embarrassed, and as is normally the case, knew not what to do with
his hands. So he had a habit of clasping them very awkwardly over his
stomach. As he warmed up, however, he soon forgot his hands; and being
freed, they aided him in his delivery. While standing, likely as not,
he had one of his long legs slung over the back of a chair; or had
his foot placed upon it.

Some lawyers would address the jury in fine, oratorical language.
He never made a pretense at eloquence. He used to stand before the
jury and talk as one of their number: he was the “thirteenth man” of
the jury telling his opinion of the case. Such homely phrases as: “I
reckon,” made his language familiar. Beginning his argument, he would
state that of his opponent fairly and squarely--would state the case
so that it would seem he had granted his side all away, then he would
turn, and with his ever recurring “_but_” would bring forth his reasons
fast and with force. His style of argument was strong and clear. He
built his position, as it were, a series of steps. Each point was
connected with the one before and after it. Great as was his love of
telling stories, he never used them in his speeches at all. Beside the
influence of his manner, he won upon a jury by his reputation. Every
one believed him honest, and the jury men would sit and look up into
his face, drinking every word he uttered for the truth. Henry Clay in
famous for the number of murderers whom he saved from a merited doom.
I only know of one case where Lincoln argued eloquently against his
conscience, and then he was pleading for the sin of one who had been
his friend and benefactor. He may even then have been honest in his
plea, believing the boy innocent.

In the Fall of ’58, two men, in a grocery store at Sadorus, engaged in
a discussion upon politics, became angry, and one, snatching from the
counter by his side, a four pound weight, threw at the other and killed
him. Ward H. Lamon was at the time Prosecuting Attorney. The widow
of the murdered man engaged O. B. Ficklin to aid in the prosecution.
Messrs. Lincoln and Swett were the lawyers for the defense. When
the time came for the presentation of the argument, Mr. Lincoln, in
his turn made his speech. As the trial had proceeded, he had become
more and more persuaded that his client deserved severe punishment.
His speech was a failure. Judge Davis told him so afterwards, and he
acknowledged it. Swett, however, took his turn with a fine argument
and the murderer was let off with a few years in the penitentiary.
At another time, I am told, having become convinced that he was on the
wrong side of the case, he was missing when called for to make his
argument. The messenger, sent to search for him, found him in his room.
“Tell the Judge,” he said, “that I am busy and can’t come”.

His humor oft times served him in a trial. I find in the “Urbana Union”
for March, 4, 1858, a story of his own, to the point. A crowd of men
were in an office discussing the fight in Congress upon the “Lecompton
Constitution”, when Lincoln entered and was asked his opinion on the
matter. Having seated himself in a chair, and having thrown one leg
over the other in his usual way, he said he could best illustrate
his opinion by means of a story. There were two men, he said, in a
neighboring county, who had often met at “logger-heads”. One day, after
an earnest discussion at their border line, one of them, in his anger,
leaped over the fence and gave the other a sound thrashing. “I was
engaged for the defense. The witness for the prosecution was a very
talkative fellow, not confining himself to the mere matter of the
questions put, but willing to tell all he knew. When it came my turn to
question him, I asked: ‘You say you saw the fight?’

‘Yes, stranger, I reckon I did’.

‘Was it much of a fight?’

‘I’ll be darned if it wasn’t stranger, a right smart fight’.

‘How much ground did the contestants cover over?’

‘About one acre’.

‘About one acre’, I repeated musingly; ‘well now witness, tell me,
wasn’t that just about the smallest crop of a fight off, of an acre
of ground that you have ever heard of?’ ‘That’s so stranger. I’ll be
gol-darned if it wasn’t.’ The jury” said Mr. Lincoln, giving his leg
a twitch, and waiting for the roar of laughter to subside, “fined my
client just ten cents”.

At another time, Oliver Davis, now judge at Danville, was opposed to
him in a case. Davis, in reviewing his opponent’s argument, repeated
again and again; Mr. Lincoln holds _this position_, Mr. Lincoln holds
_that_ position. Finally Lincoln looked up from where he sat, and
asked, with a twinkle in his eye: “That was a curious position,
wasn’t it?” Coming from any one else, so little a thing had not been
noticed; but as it was, the question destroyed a great deal of the
power of Mr. Davis’ argument.

Mr. Lincoln never cared to accumulate wealth. His charges were always
reasonable. There was once in our midst, a worthy carpenter by the
name of Campbell, who had taken a horse in part pay for some work
he had done. The horse proved to be unsound; and Campbell sued the
man from whom he had obtained it. Lincoln took the case for him, and
worked hard all of one day trying it. “I was standing by,” says one,
“when Mr. Campbell asked what the fee was. ‘Five dollars will do, I
guess,’ said Lincoln.” At one time, Lincoln had a case for the Illinois
Central Rail-road Company, and won it. He made his fee one thousand
dollars, which the company refused to pay. He sued the company for the
money; and during the trial of the case, several lawyers called upon
to testify to the value of the service rendered, placed it at five
thousand dollars.

There was a man for some time residing in Urbana, who used often to
speak of Lincoln’s kindness to him. It seems that the man had become
involved in a law suit upon the result of which much depended. He went
to several lawyers, who refused to take his case because they doubted
his ability to pay. He came to Lincoln and laid the matter before him,
showed him that if he lost the case, he was a ruined man. Lincoln
undertook the case for him, and won it. One day the man met Lincoln on
the street and stopped him to thank him for his services--said he could
not pay him then, and did not know how soon he would be able. “That’s
all right, my friend, that’s all right” said Lincoln, as he grasped the
man by the hand. “And would you believe it,” the client would add, with
tears in his eyes, as he told the incident, “He left five dollars in my
hand.”

When engaged in an important case, Lincoln was all absorbed in his
work. He would walk along the street lost in thought; and would not
even notice his best friends. “I have seen him,” says one, walk back
and forth in the court yard regardless of every thing around him.

He was a very careful lawyer. Long as he had practiced, he would never
write the simplest forms without his book before him. He was very kind
to young men just beginning their study. One time, when others were
laughing at one who was much embarrassed, in making out some forms new
to him, Lincoln arose, and speaking kindly to him, showed him what he
needed to know. He even spoke encouragingly to those who were just
beginning their practice.

Lincoln made several speeches in our county. In the Fall of 1856, he
spoke from the court house in Urbana, upon the constitutionality of the
action of Congress with regard to slavery in the territory. The county
paper of the time speaks highly of the effort of its power and logic,
and of the speaker’s ability.

At one time he spoke in what is known as the goose-pond church, a
little building near the Doane House. During his speech, he had
occasion to read from some paper which he had in his posession.
His eyesight was beginning to fail him; and it was with great
difficulties that he could see to read. He held the paper off at arm’s
length, and then drew it to him, moving it back and forth. Finally some
one back in the crowd yelled out: “Put on your specks.” “Ah,” said
Lincoln reaching out his long bony arm, far as he could, “My eyes are
all right, but my arm is too short.”

The most important speech that Mr. Lincoln ever made here, was upon
Sept. 24, 1858, in the old fair ground. Douglas was here, and spoke
upon the 23rd. Lincoln’s speech was made in reply to the one he gave.
Mr. Lincoln arrived, and was received at the Doane House platform, on
the afternoon of the 23rd. It was in regard to the occasion that a
characteristic letter was written to Mr. Cunningham, who had invited
Mr. Lincoln to speak here. The letter was written from Ottawa. “I
crossed swords,” it read “here today with Douglas, for the first time.
The fire flew some, but I am happy to say that I am still alive.”
In the evening, after his arrival, Lincoln was the guest of the
Champaign (then West Urbana) Republican club. The night was passed at
Mr. Baddely’s, the large brick building across the street from the
Episcopal church. Until a late hour, the house and yard were filled
with citizens. Speeches were made and music had in abundance. On the
24th, at 10 o’clock, the procession formed at the park to march to
Urbana. It was the finest procession Champaign has ever witnessed.
The deep interest taken in the occasion is made more apparent, when
we remember that the time of the year was the worst possible for the
getting together of a crowd; that the county fair had just closed,
having filled three days with excitement, that there was scarcely a
family in the county, in which there was not some sickness; and that
Douglas had drained the country the day before. The crowd was immense.
“The procession, led by the Urbana Brass Band, German Band and Danville
Band, over sixty young ladies on horse-back, with their attendants,
thirty-two of whom represented the states of the Union,” was over two
miles in length. All proceeded to the old fair ground, where a basket
picnic was held. “Have the dinner first,” said Lincoln to the officer
of the day: “Folks will listen to me better for it.” The table at
which Lincoln sat was well loaded; and the best of the luxuries were
placed around his plate. He, however, chose out a turkey leg and
biscuit and began to make his meal upon these. Looking around, he saw
behind him an old lady known as “Granny Hutchinson,” standing looking
longingly at the feast. “Here Granny” said Lincoln springing from his
seat, “you have my place.” And the kind hearted orator sat back upon
the root of a tree and finished his turkey leg and biscuit, while
“Granny” enjoyed a bountiful dinner. Thus the man’s kindness of heart
showed itself everywhere. In his speech, he began by asking if Douglas
had made his point on that; and having found what arguments the senator
had used, he proceeded to answer them in his clear, logical manner.

Douglas used oft times to abuse Lincoln’s character, accusing him of
having kept a saloon. To such personalities as this, Lincoln seldom
deigned to reply. It was in one of his speeches made here that he said:
“Douglas has accused me of having kept a saloon. But I have never
before mentioned that during that time, he was my best customer.
While I served on one side of the counter, he served on the other.”

On Sept. 6, 1858, Lincoln spoke at Montville. One writing from that
place says: “About 10 o’clock, hearing that the delegation from
Champaign County was approaching town, a company of thirty-two young
men on horse-back, with flags in their hands, under the best of martial
regulations, galloped out to meet the Champaignese, whom they found in
strong numbers making a procession nearly a mile long, headed by two
bands of music.”

Our people took a great interest in Lincoln’s political career. It
was at Bloomington that a resolution was passed, previous to the
senatorial conflict, that we want a _big_ man, with a _big_ heart and
a _big_ intellect to represent this our _big_ state. At our own county
convention in June ’58, the following resolution was adopted: “That
the Hon. Abraham Lincoln is our first, last and only choice to fill
the vacancy to occur in the U.S. Senate on the fourth of March next:
that we are jealous of his honor and rights; and that we repudiate
all influence whether coming from home or abroad to thwart us in this
cherished and unalienable purpose of the Republican party of this
state.”

Then the thought came that Abraham Lincoln might be our president.
“We had the pleasure,” says the editor of the “Central Illinois
Gazette”, published at the time in Champaign, “of introducing to the
hospitalities of our sanctum, a few days since, the Hon. Abraham
Lincoln. Few men can make an hour pass away more agreeably. We do not
pretend to know, whether Mr. Lincoln will ever condescend to occupy the
White House or not: but if he should, it is a comfort to know that he
has established for himself a character and reputation of sufficient
strength and purity to withstand the disreputable influences of even
_that_ locality.”

Speaking of Lincoln’s honesty, the same editor relates an anecdote.
It was in Springfield, during the session of a Douglas-Democratic
convention. Any man used to wire pulling would have been on hand with
his schemes. Lincoln was seen standing in a direction opposite from the
convention; and when asked where he was going, replied that it was to
attend the funeral of an old neighbor.

A point worthy of notice in Lincoln’s character is his temperance.
While it was the custom of the lawyers of his association to drink,
he never drank with them. Once in a while he would play a game of
billiards. “I remember” an old citizen tells me, “the first game I ever
played with him. When it came my turn to play, he said to me in a very
legal-like manner: ‘now if this were my case, I would hit this ball,
make it roll against that one, have it hit the cushion, and then roll
back against the third ball there’.”

The last words of Mr. Lincoln in our county, were uttered Feb’y. 11,
1861, at Tolono. He had been elected President of the United States,
and was on his way to Washington. Secession in the South had already
begun its work; and all eyes were turned towards the coming President.
In passing through Tolono, in response to applause, which hailed
his appearance upon the car platform, he said: “I am leaving you on
an errand of national importance, attended, as you are aware, with
considerable difficulties. Let us believe, as some poet has expressed
it: ‘Behind the cloud, the sun is still shining.’ I bid you an
affectionate farewell.” The train moved on and vanished in the East;
and when next it returned it bore the form of Abraham Lincoln, cold and
still, wrapped in black; while his soul had pierced “_the cloud_” and
entered into the sunlight beyond.

Abraham Lincoln was not a man of great intellect, but of rich heart
powers. In the dark hour of our nation’s need he came, found his place
and filled it. “Melancholy dropped from him as he walked”; yet all
who knew him loved him. There are old grey-headed men and women in
our midst, who speak his name with affection; for have they not known
him, heard his voice, felt the grasp of his hand, and comprehended his
great, warm heart. Such a man has lived and moved among us.


The End.




Transcriber's Note:


Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as
possible, including non-standard placement of quotation marks.

Underlined text has been marked with _underscores_. Characters
preceded by a caret appeared as superscripts.

The following is a list of changes made to the original.
The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.

Page 1:

    have for us an aditional interest, since we know
    have for us an additional interest, since we know

Page 2:

    student. When a boy, he had posessed but few
    student. When a boy, he had possessed but few

    over wich he used to pore like an ambitious school boy.
    over which he used to pore like an ambitious school boy.

Page 3:

    method” The German sentence was written upon one line;
    method.” The German sentence was written upon one line;

Page 7:

    Begining his argument, he would state that of his
    Beginning his argument, he would state that of his

Page 13:

    those who were just begining their practice.
    those who were just beginning their practice.

    House. During his speech, he had occasion to from
    House. During his speech, he had occasion to read from

Page 14:

    here today with Douglas, for the first time. The fire
    “here today with Douglas, for the first time. The fire

Page 20:

    sun is still shining.’ I bid you an affectionate farewell.
    sun is still shining.’ I bid you an affectionate farewell.”





End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Abraham Lincoln in Our Own County, by 
Henry M. Beardsley

*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN OUR OWN COUNTY ***

***** This file should be named 54833-0.txt or 54833-0.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/8/3/54833/

Produced by Paul Clark and the Online Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive) Last Edit of Project Info


Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works

1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
1.E.8.

1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
you share it without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
country outside the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
  are located before using this ebook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
provided that

* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
  Literary Archive Foundation."

* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
  works.

* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
  receipt of the work.

* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
without further opportunities to fix the problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm

Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.

The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

For additional contact information:

    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
    Chief Executive and Director
    gbnewby@pglaf.org

Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation

Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate

Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.

Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org

This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.