The Project Gutenberg eBook of Common names of a selected list of plants This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Common names of a selected list of plants Subtitle: Technical Bulletin 117 Author: Kling L. Anderson Author: Clenton E. Owensby Release Date: August 15, 2023 [eBook #71408] Language: English Credits: Carol Brown, Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COMMON NAMES OF A SELECTED LIST OF PLANTS *** =Technical Bulletin 117 Revised August 1969= =Common Names of a Selected List of Plants By= Kling L. Anderson and Clenton E. Owensby =AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science Manhattan= Floyd W. Smith, Director =CONTENTS= Page Index to common names 4 Grasses 18 Sedges, rushes, and related genera 27 Ferns and related genera 28 Other monocots 29 Legumes 30 Other dicot forbs 35 Woody plants 55 Common species names and their English meanings 60 =Common Names of a Selected List of Plants=[1] Kling L. Anderson and Clenton E. Owensby[2] Common names of plants often vary widely from place to place, even within rather limited areas. Frequently-occurring and widely-known species may have local names, or the same name may be used for several species. Common names, therefore, often fail to identify plants accurately. That makes it difficult to communicate about plants; the confusion may even discontinue attempts to convey ideas about the subject. Conversations may shift to a subject with an adequate common nomenclature. Scientific names are essential in formal writing. When common names are to be used, as in less formal publications, scientific names must also be given either at the place where the common ones first appear in the paper, in a footnote, or in an appended list. Only scientific names identify the species for all readers. In completely informal writing for a broad area, scientific names may be omitted. Since common names are so widely used, they should be used as uniformly as possible. The following common names are considered “standardized” for all writing in the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and may also be used as a guide in teaching. A single common name is given to each plant listed if it has such a name. This list grew from an earlier Kansas list of grasses and legumes that emphasized chiefly range and pasture plants. It is extended here to include most plant families and genera that occur in Kansas and many species that do not necessarily occur in Kansas but may be important or closely related to those listed. Obviously, not all Kansas plants could be included, and therefore many minor plants have been omitted. Species not obviously important had to be somewhat arbitrary. Perhaps certain species listed could have been omitted and others not included might have been added. The list can, therefore, grow or be altered as need for change is shown. If further information on common names is needed, the Kelsey and Dayton 1942 edition of Standardized Plant Names[3] should be consulted. =Genus Common Names= In preparing this list, we attempted to give a single common name to each genus and to use it in connection with common names for each of the species listed under that genus. For example, brome for the genus, _Bromus_, and various species such as smooth brome and hairy brome. Thus, there are two words for species names. However, common names of some species are single words and may not bear the generic name at all; for example, switchgrass, curlymesquite, catchflygrass, darnel, needleandthread, berseem, and horsebean. Some genera have more than one common name, but in that case the genus is subdivided into different types, each with its own common name. For example, most species of the genus _Panicum_ are called panicum, but certain others are witchgrass; _Melica_ is melic, but bulbous species of that genus are called oniongrass; and _Setaria_ is bristlegrass, but the name millet is applied to certain ones. Some poisonous species of _Astragalus_ are called loco, but nonpoisonous ones are milkvetch and the selenium-gathering ones, poisonvetch. In a few cases the same common name is applied to two genera, but that generally occurs only when the genera involved are closely related. They may formerly have been considered a single genus. The words tree, grass, bean, seed, etc. are combined with key words to make common names of many genera and species. Examples of the former are dropseed, cupgrass, tanglehead, peavine, wildindigo, coffeetree, and sensitivebriar; and of the latter, breadroot scurfpea, splitbeard bluestem, shortawn foxtail, and smoothseed wildbean. Hyphens are avoided except in a few cases where they are used to make spelling, meaning, or pronunciation more clearly understood. Some examples are s-curve threeawn, blue-eyedgrass, climbing-buckwheat, dutchmans-breeches, snow-on-the-mountain, fat-hen saltbrush, false-alyssum. =Species Common Names= The common name for an individual species is a contraction of the genus common name and, in most cases, a descriptive adjective for a particular species. An example is the common name for _Bromus inermis_ The common name for the genus is brome and the descriptive adjective associated with the species name _inermis_ is smooth, hence smooth brome is the common name for that species. In many cases a satisfactory common name did not exist for a particular species, yet the species name’s English meaning described the plant well. Such plants were given common names based on the meaning of their species name. An example is _Lygodesmia rostrata_. It has no satisfactory common name. In this publication it is called beaked skeletonplant, based on the English meaning of _rostrata_ and the accepted common name for the genus, skeletonplant. =Capitalization= In general, capitals are avoided for common plant names. They are not used where proper nouns are combined with such words as grass, tree, bean, etc., for example, bermudagrass, indiangrass, johnsongrass, but are used when the name is that of a country, state, or other place and is a separate word as in Virginia wildrye, Texas bean, California burclover, and Missouri milkvetch. They are not used, however, when the name is derived from a man’s name; for example, lambert crazyweed, dillen tickclover, chewings fescue, and lehmann lovegrass. Capitals are, of course, used for proper names of strains or varieties, but such usage is beyond the scope of this list. The few exceptions to all of these “rules” are dictated by firmly established usage. =Authorities= To identify each species as definitely as possible, authorities are given for scientific names. Authorities for grass names are from Hitchcock’s 1951 manual.[4] The others were compiled from various sources by Dr. L. C. Hulbert, Department of Botany, Kansas State University, chiefly from these sources: Gray’s Manual, 8th ed.,[5] The New Illustrated Britton and Brown,[6] and Harrington’s Manual.[7] Occasionally other sources were used for a few or for single species. Since authorities were taken directly from the various sources without change, some differences in abbreviation occur. For example, Hitchcock’s manual abbreviates Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth as H.B.K., while most other manuals consulted use HBK. Certain other names may be spelled fully in one manual and abbreviated in others. =Common Name Sources= Several workers helped with selecting plants to be included and common names for them. For the most part, the common names are those used in Kelsey and Dayton, Standardized Plant Names (SPN).[8] However, common names of some species are so different and are so firmly entrenched in common usage that the names given in SPN could not be used in this list. An example is “broomsedge” for _Andropogon virginicus_. In SPN it is “yellowsedge bluestem,” a name never heard in the area this list serves. =ACKNOWLEDGMENTS= Appreciation is expressed to those who aided in selecting both plants and their common names: The late F. W. Albertson, Biology Department, Fort Hays Kansas State College L. E. Anderson, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University, now at University of Missouri, Columbia M. D. Atkins, S.C.S., Lincoln, Nebraska J. K. Greig, Jr., Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Kansas State University C. V. Hall, Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Kansas State University L. C. Hulbert, Division of Biology, Kansas State University R. A. Keen, Department of Horticulture and Forestry, Kansas State University J. L. Launchbaugh, Kansas Branch Agricultural Experiment Station, Hays, Kansas E. L. Mader, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University C. M. Schumacher, S.C.S., Lincoln, Nebraska G. W. Tomanek, Biology Department, Fort Hays Kansas State College H. D. Wilkins, Agronomy Department, Kansas State University Special thanks go to Dr. John L. Launchbaugh for carefully editing the final draft. FOOTNOTES: [1] Contribution No. 692, Department of Agronomy, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan. [2] Professor Emeritus and Agronomist, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station: and Instructor in Range and Pasture Management. [3] Kelsey, H. P. and W. A. Dayton. 1942. Standardized Plant Names. J. Horace McFarland Co., Harrisburg, Pa. [4] Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of Grasses of the U.S. USDA Misc. Publication 200 (Revised). [5] Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany, 8th ed. American Book Co., New York. [6] Gleason, H. A. 1952. The New Britton and Brown Illustrated Flora. New York Botanical Garden (3 volumes). [7] Harrington, H. D. 1954. Manual of the Plants of Colorado. Sage Books, Denver. [8] Ibid. =INDEX TO COMMON NAMES= Genera only are listed in this index except where the common species name differs from the common name of its genus and does not include the latter. Scientific names are also shown. =Common Name Scientific Name Page= Acacia _Acacia_ 30 Adderstongue _Ophioglossum_ 28 Agoseris, wavyleaf _Microseris cuspidata_ 47 Agrimony _Agrimonia_ 35 Alfalfa _Medicago_ 32 Alkaligrass _Puccinellia_ 25 Alumroot _Heuchera_ 44 Alyceclover _Alysicarpus_ 30 Amaranth _Amaranthus_ 35 Ammannia _Ammannia_ 35 Amorpha _Amorpha_ 30, 55 Amsonia _Amsonia_ 35 Anemone _Anemone_ 35 Antelopehorn _Asclepiodora_ 37 Apple _Pyrus_ 57 Arrowhead _Sagittaria_ 30 Ash _Fraxinus_ 57 Asparagus _Asparagus_ 29 Aster _Aster_ 37 Avens _Geum_ 43 Baccharis _Baccharis_ 56 Bagpod _Glottidium_ 31 Bahia _Bahia_ 37 Bahiagrass _Paspalum notatum_ 24 Barberry _Berberis_ 56 Barley _Hordeum_ 22 Barnyardgrass _Echinochloa crusgalli_ 21 Basketflower _Centaurea americana_ 38 Basswood _Tilia_ 59 Beachgrass _Ammophila_ 18 Beakgrain _Diarrhena_ 20 Bean _Phaseolus_ 33 Bedstraw _Galium_ 43 Beebalm _Monarda_ 48 Beet _Beta_ 37 Beggarticks _Bidens_ 37 Bellflower _Campanula_ 38 Bentgrass _Agrostis_ 18 Bergia _Bergia_ 37 Berlandiera _Berlandiera_ 37 Bermudagrass _Cynodon_ 20 Berseem _Trifolium alexandrinum_ 34 Berula _Berula_ 37 Betony _Stachys_ 53 Bindweed _Convolvulus_ 40 Birch _Betula_ 56 Birdwoodgrass _Cenchrus setigerus_ 20 Bittercress _Cardamine_ 38 Bittersweet _Celastrus_ 56 Bitterweed _Hymenoxys odorata_ 45 Blackberry _Rubus_ 58 Blackberrylily _Belamcanda_ 29 Blackeyedsusan _Rudbeckia hirta_ 51 Blackfoot _Melampodium_ 47 Bladderfern _Cystopteris_ 28 Bladdernut _Staphylea_ 59 Bladderpod _Lesquerella_ 46 Bladderwort _Utricularia_ 54 Bloodroot _Sanguinaria_ 52 Blowoutgrass _Redfieldia_ 25 Blue-eyedgrass _Sisyrinchium_ 30 Bluegrass _Poa_ 24 Bluehearts _Buchnera_ 38 Bluestem _Andropogon_; _Bothriochloa_ 18 Bluets _Houstonia_ 44 Blueweed _Echium vulgare_ 41 Boltonia _Boltonia_ 38 Boneset _Eupatorium perfoliatum_ 42 Bottlebrushgrass _Hystrix_ 22 Bouncingbet _Saponaria officinalis_ 52 Boxelder _Acer negundo_ 55 Bracken _Pteridium_ 28 Brickellia _Brickellia_ 38 Bristlegrass _Setaria_ 25 Broadbean _Vicia faba_ 34 Brome _Bromus_ 19 Broom _Cytisus_ 31, 56 Broomcorn _Sorghum bicolor_ var. _technicum_ 25 Broomrape _Orobanche_ 49 Broomsedge _Andropogon virginicus_ 18 Broomweed _Gutierrezia dracunculoides_ 43 Browneyedsusan _Rudbeckia triloba_ 51 Browntopmillet _Panicum ramosum_ 23 Buckbrush _Symphoricarpos orbiculatus_ 59 Buckeye _Aesculus_ 55 Buckhorn _Plantago lanceolata_ 50 Buckthorn _Rhamnus_ 58 Buckwheat _Fagopyrum_ 42 Buffalogourd _Cucurbita foetidissima_ 40 Buffalograss _Buchloë_ 20 Buffelgrass _Pennisetum ciliare_ 24 Bugleweed _Lycopus_ 47 Bugseed _Corispermum nitidum_ 40 Bulbostylis _Bulbostylis_ 27 Bulrush _Scirpus_ 28 Bumelia _Bumelia_ 56 Bunchflower _Melanthium_ 29 Bundleflower _Desmanthus_ 31 Burclover _Medicago_ 32 Burcucumber _Sicyos_ 52 Burdock _Arctium_ 36 Burgrass _Tragus_ 26 Burhead _Echinodorus_ 29 Burnweed _Erechtites_ 41 Burragweed _Franseria tomentosa_ 42 Burreed _Sparganium_ 30 Burrograss _Scleropogon_ 25 Bursage _Franseria_ 42 Buttercup _Ranunculus_ 51 Butternut _Juglans cinerea_ 57 Buttonbush _Cephalanthus_ 56 Buttonweed _Diodia_ 41 Cabbage _Brassica oleracea_ 38 Calceolaria _Hybanthus_ 45 Caltrop _Kallstroemia_ 45 Camas _Camassia_ 29 Camomile _Anthemis_ 36 Camphorweed _Heterotheca_ 44 Canarygrass _Phalaris_ 24 Cane _Arundinaria_ 19 Cardinalflower _Lobelia cardinalis_ 47 Cardinalflower, western _Lobelia splendens_ 47 Carpetgrass _Axonopus_ 19 Carpetweed _Mollugo_ 48 Carrot _Daucus_ 41 Castorbean _Ricinus_ 51 Catalpa _Catalpa_ 56 Catchfly, sleepy _Silene antirrhina_ 52 Catchflygrass _Leersia lenticularis_ 22 Catnip _Nepeta cataria_ 48 Cattail _Typha_ 30 Ceanothus _Ceanothus_ 56 Centaurea _Centaurea_ 38 Centipedegrass _Eremochloa_ 21 Cerastium _Cerastium_ 38 Charlock _Brassica kaber_ 38 Cheat _Bromus secalinus_ 20 Cherry _Prunus_ 57 Chervil _Chaerophyllum_ 38 Chickencorn _Sorghum bicolor_ var. _drummondii_ 25 Chickpea _Cicer_ 31 Chickweed _Stellaria media_ 54 Chicory _Cichorium_ 39 Chineselantern _Physalis lobata_ 50 Chloris _Chloris_ 20 Chokecherry _Prunus virginiana_ 57 Cholla _Opuntia_ 48 Christmasfern _Polystichum acrostichoides_ 29 Cinquefoil _Potentilla_ 51 Circaea _Circaea_ 39 Clammyweed _Polanisia_ 50 Clearweed _Pilea_ 50 Clematis _Clematis_ 39 Cleomella _Cleomella_ 39 Cliffbrake _Pellaea_ 28 Climbing-buckwheat _Polygonum convolvulus_ 50 Climbingmilkweed _Ampelamus albidus_ 35 Cloakfern _Notholaena_ 28 Clover _Trifolium_ 34 Cockle, white _Lychnis alba_ 47 Cocklebur _Xanthium_ 55 Cockspur _Echinochloa_ 21 Coffeetree _Gymnocladus_ 32, 57 Cogongrass _Imperata_ 22 Collinsia _Collinsia_ 39 Columbine _Aquilegia_ 36 Comandra _Comandra_ 39 Compassplant _Silphium laciniatum_ 53 Coneflower _Dracopis_; _Rudbeckia_ 41, 51 Conyza _Conyza_ 40 Copperleaf _Acalypha_ 35 Cordgrass _Spartina_ 25 Coreopsis _Coreopsis_ 40 Corkwing, mountain _Cymopterus montanus_ 40 Corn _Zea_ 26 Corncockle _Agrostemma_ 35 Cornflower _Centaurea cyanus_ 38 Cornsalad _Valerianella_ 54 Corydalis _Corydalis_ 40 Cotton _Gossypium_ 44 Cottontop _Trichachne_ 26 Cottonwood _Populus_ 57 Cowlily _Nuphar_ 48 Cowpea _Vigna_ 35 Crabapple _Pyrus_ 57 Crabgrass _Digitaria_ 20 Crazyweed _Oxytropis_ 33 Creeper _Parthenocissus_ 57 Cress, hoary _Cardaria draba_ 38 Cristatella _Cristatella_ 40 Crotalaria _Crotalaria_ 31 Croton _Croton_ 40 Crotonopsis _Crotonopsis_ 40 Crowfoot _Ranunculus_ 51 Crownbeard _Verbesina_ 55 Crownvetch _Coronilla_ 31 Cryptantha _Cryptantha_ 40 Cudweed _Gnaphalium_ 43 Culversphysic _Veronicastrum virginicum_ 55 Cupgrass _Eriochloa_ 21 Cuphea _Cuphea_ 40 Curlymesquite _Hilaria belangeri_ 22 Currant _Ribes_ 58 Cutgrass _Leersia_ 22 Cyclanthera _Cyclanthera_ 40 Cymopterus _Cymopterus_ 40 Dalea _Dalea_ 31 Dallisgrass _Paspalum dilatatum_ 24 Dandelion _Taraxacum_ 54 Danthonia _Danthonia_ 20 Darnel _Lolium temulentum_ 22 Datura _Datura_ 41 Dayflower _Commelina_ 29 Deathcamas _Zygadenus_ 30 Deervetch _Lotus_ 32 Devilsclaw _Proboscidea_ 51 Dewberry _Rubus_ 58 Dianthera _Justicia_ 45 Diaperia _Diaperia_ 41 Dicliptera _Dicliptera_ 41 Ditaxis _Ditaxis_ 41 Dock _Rumex_ 51 Dodder _Cuscuta_ 40 Dogbane _Apocynum_ 36 Dogtail _Cynosurus_ 20 Dogweed _Dyssodia_ 41 Dogwood _Cornus_ 56 Draba _Draba_ 41 Dropseed _Sporobolus_ 25 Ducksmeat _Spirodela_ 30 Duckweed _Lemna_ 29 Dutchmans-breeches _Dicentra cucullaria_ 41 Dutchmanspipe _Aristolochia_ 36 Dwarfdandelion _Krigia_ 45 Echinacea _Echinacea_ 41 Echinocereus _Echinocereus_ 41 Einkorn _Triticum monococcum_ 26 Elderberry _Sambucus_ 59 Elephantsfoot _Elephantopus_ 41 Ellisia _Ellisia_ 41 Elm _Ulmus_ 59 Elodea _Elodea_ 29 Emmer _Triticum dicoccum_ 26 Engelmanndaisy _Engelmannia_ 41 Eriogonum _Eriogonum_ 42 Eryngo _Eryngium_ 42 Erysimum _Erysimum_ 42 Eulophus _Perideridia_ 49 Euonymus _Euonymus_ 56 Eupatorium _Eupatorium_ 42 Euphorbia _Euphorbia_ 42 Eveningprimrose _Oënothera_ 48 Evolvulus _Evolvulus_ 42 False-alyssum _Berteroa_ 37 Falseboneset _Kuhnia eupatorioides_ 45 Falsebuffalograss _Munroa_ 23 Falsedandelion _Pyrrhopappus_ 51 Falseflax _Camelina_ 38 Falsegarlic _Nothoscordum_ 29 Falsegrape _Ampelopsis_ 55 Falsenettle _Boehmeria_ 38 Falsenightshade _Chamaesaracha_ 39 Falsepennyroyal _Hedeoma_ 44 Falsepimpernel _Lindernia_ 46 Fameflower _Talinum_ 54 Fawnlily _Erythronium_ 29 Feathergrass, New Mexico _Stipa neomexicana_ 26 Feathertop _Pennisetum villosum_ 24 Fenugreek _Trigonella foenum-graecum_ 34 Fescue _Festuca_ 21 Figwort _Scrophularia_ 52 Filaree _Erodium cicutarium_ 42 Filbert _Corylus_ 56 Fimbristylis _Fimbristylis_ 27 Fingergrass _Digitaria_ 20 Fireweed _Epilobium angustifolium_ 41 Flatsedge _Cyperus_ 27 Flaveria _Flaveria_ 42 Flax _Linum_ 46 Fleabane _Erigeron_ 41 Flowerofanhour _Hibiscus trionum_ 44 Fluffgrass _Tridens pulchellus_ 26 Fluxweed _Isanthus_ 45 Fogfruit, wedgeleaf _Lippia lanceolata_ 46 Forgetmenot _Myosotis_ 48 Fountaingrass _Pennisetum ruppelii_ 24 Four-o’clock _Mirabilis_ 48 Foxtail _Alopecurus_ 18 Fringeorchid _Habenaria_ 29 Fuirena _Fuirena_ 27 Funnellily _Androstephium_ 29 Gaillardia _Gaillardia_ 43 Galleta _Hilaria jamesii_ 22 Galleta, big _Hilaria rigida_ 22 Gamagrass _Tripsacum_ 26 Garlic _Allium_ 29 Garlicmustard _Alliaria_ 35 Gaura _Gaura_ 43 Gayfeather _Liatris_ 46 Gentian _Gentiana_ 43 Geranium _Geranium_ 43 Gerardia _Gerardia_ 43 Germander _Teucrium_ 54 Ghostpipe _Orobanche uniflora_ 49 Gianthyssop _Agastache_ 35 Giantreed _Arundo_ 19 Gilia _Gilia_ 43 Ginkgo _Ginkgo_ 57 Globemallow _Sphaeralcea_ 53 Goatgrass _Aegilops_ 18 Goldaster _Chrysopsis_ 39 Goldenrod _Solidago_ 53 Goldenweed _Haplopappus_ 44 Goldstargrass _Hypoxis hirsuta_ 29 Gooseberry _Ribes_ 58 Goosefoot _Chenopodium_ 39 Goosegrass _Eleusine_ 21 Grama _Bouteloua_ 19 Grape _Vitis_ 59 Greasewood _Sarcobatus_ 59 Greenbriar _Smilax_ 30 Greenthread _Thelesperma_ 54 Gromwell _Lithospermum_ 46 Groundcherry _Physalis_ 49 Groundivy _Glechoma hederacea_ 43 Groundsel _Senecio_ 52 Guineagrass _Panicum maximum_ 23 Gumweed _Grindelia_ 43 Hackberry _Celtis_ 56 Hairgrass _Aira; Deschampsia_ 18,20 Hairsedge bulbstyle _Bulbostylis cappillaris_ 27 Hardinggrass _Phalaris tuberosa_ var. _stenoptera_ 24 Haresear _Conringia_ 40 Hawkweed _Hieracium_ 44 Hawthorn _Crataegus_ 56 Hazel _Corylus_ 56 Hedgehyssop _Gratiola_ 43 Hedgemustard _Sisymbrium officinale_ 53 Heliopsis _Heliopsis_ 44 Heliotrope _Heliotropium_ 44 Hemicarpha _Hemicarpha_ 28 Hemp _Cannabis_ 38 Henbit _Lamium amplexicaule_ 46 Hibiscus _Hibiscus_ 44 Hickory _Carya_ 56 Hilaria _Hilaria_ 22 Hoarhound _Marrubium_ 47 Hogpeanut _Amphicarpa_ 30 Holly _Ilex_ 57 Hollyfern _Polystichum_ 28 Honeylocust _Gleditsia_ 31, 57 Honeysuckle _Lonicera_ 47, 57 Hop _Humulus_ 45 Hophornbeam _Ostrya_ 57 Hoptree _Ptelea_ 57 Hornwort _Ceratophyllum_ 38 Horsebean _Vicia faba_ var. _equina_ 34 Horsegentian _Triosteum_ 54 Horsenettle _Solanum carolinense_ 53 Horseradish _Armoracia lapathifolia_ 36 Horsetail _Equisetum_ 28 Horseweed _Conyza canadensis_ 40 Houndstongue _Cynoglossum_ 40 Hyacinthbean _Dolichos_ 31 Hymenopappus _Hymenopappus_ 45 Hymenoxys _Hymenoxys_ 45 Hyparrhenia _Hyparrhenia_ 22 Indiangrass _Sorghastrum_ 25 Indianplantain _Cacalia_ 38 Indigo _Indigofera_ 32 Iris _Iris_ 29 Ironplant _Haplopappus spinulosus_ 44 Ironweed _Vernonia_ 55 Isopyrum _Isopyrum_ 45 Jackinthepulpit _Arisaema_ 29 Japanesemillet _Echinochloa crusgalli_ var. _frumentacea_ 21 Jaragua _Hyparrhenia rufa_ 22 Jerusalemartichoke _Helianthus tuberosus_ 44 Jimsonweed _Datura stramonium_ 41 Jobstears _Coix_ 20 Joepyeweed _Eupatorium_ 42 Johnnyjumpup _Viola kitaibeliana_ var. _rafinesquii_ 55 Johnsongrass _Sorghum halepense_ 25 Jointtail _Manisuris_ 22 Junegrass _Koeleria_ 22 Juniper _Juniperus_ 57 Kale _Brassica oleracea_ var. _acephala_ 38 Kidneyvetch _Anthyllis_ 30 Kikuyugrass _Pennisetum clandestinum_ 24 Knapweed, Russian _Centaurea repens_ 38 Knotgrass _Paspalum distichum_ 24 Knotweed _Polygonum_ 50 Kochia _Kochia_ 45 Krameria _Krameria_ 45 Kudzu _Pueraria_ 33 Kuhnia _Kuhnia_ 45 Lacegrass _Eragrostis capillaris_ 21 Ladiestresses _Spiranthes_ 30 Ladyslipper _Cypripedium_ 29 Lambsquarters _Chenopodium album_ 39 Larkspur _Delphinium_ 41 Lawngrass, Japanese _Zoysia japonica_ 26 Leadplant _Amorpha canescens_ 30, 55 Lentil _Lens_ 32 Lespedeza _Lespedeza_ 32, 57 Lettuce _Lactuca_ 46 Licorice _Glycyrrhiza_ 32 Lilac _Syringa_ 59 Lily _Lilium_ 29 Linden _Tilia_ 59 Lionsheart _Physostegia_ 50 Lipfern _Cheilanthes_ 28 Lippia _Lippia_ 46 Lobelia _Lobelia_ 47 Loco _Astragalus_ 30 Locust _Robinia_ 34, 58 Lomatium _Lomatium_ 47 Longtom _Paspalum lividum_ 24 Loosestrife _Lysimachia_ 47 Lophotocarpus _Lophotocarpus_ 29 Lopseed _Phryma_ 49 Lotus _Nelumbo_ 48 Lovegrass _Eragrostis_ 21 Lupine _Lupinus_ 32 Lythrum _Lythrum_ 47 Macuillamia _Bacopa_ 37 Maidenhairfern _Adiantum_ 28 Malacothrix _Malacothrix_ 47 Mallow _Malva_ 47 Mamillaria _Mamillaria_ 47 Manillagrass _Zoysia matrella_ 26 Mannagrass _Glyceria_ 22 Maple _Acer_ 55 Marbleseed _Onosmodium_ 48 Marshfern _Dryopteris thelypteris_ 28 Mascarenegrass _Zoysia tenuifolia_ 26 Matgrass _Nardus_ 23 Matrimonyvine _Lycium halimifolium_ 57 Mayapple _Podophyllum_ 50 Meadowrue _Thalictrum_ 54 Medic _Medicago_ 32 Melic _Melica_ 22 Mentzelia _Mentzelia_ 47 Mesquite _Prosopis_ 33, 57 Milkvetch _Astragalus_ 30 Milkweed _Asclepias_ 36 Millet _Panicum_; _Setaria_ 25 Mint _Mentha_ 47 Mitchellgrass _Astrebla_ 19 Mockbishopweed _Ptilimnium_ 51 Mockcucumber _Echinocystis_ 41 Molassesgrass _Melinis_ 22 Moneywort _Lysimachia nummularia_ 47 Monkeyflower _Mimulus_ 47 Monolepis _Monolepis_ 48 Moonseed _Menispermum_ 47 Morningglory _Ipomoea_ 45 Motherwort _Leonurus_ 46 Mountainash _Sorbus_ 59 Mountainmint _Pycnanthemum_ 51 Mousetail _Myosurus_ 48 Mudplantain _Heteranthera_ 29 Muhly _Muhlenbergia_ 22 Mulberry _Morus_ 57 Mullein _Verbascum_ 54 Muskthistle _Carduus nutans_ 38 Mustard _Brassica_ 38 Naiad _Najas_ 29 Nailwort _Paronychia_ 49 Napiergrass _Pennisetum purpureum_ 24 Nasturtium _Nasturtium_ 48 Natalgrass _Rhynchelytrum roseum_ 25 Needleandthread _Stipa comata_ 26 Needlegrass _Stipa_ 26 Nemastylis _Nemastylis_ 29 Nepeta _Nepeta_ 48 Nettle _Urtica_ 54 Nightshade _Solanum_ 53 Nimblewill _Muhlenbergia schreberi_ 23 Nitgrass _Gastridium_ 22 Noseburn _Tragia_ 54 Nutgrass _Cyperus_ 27 Oak _Quercus_ 58 Oakleech _Dasistoma_ 41 Oat _Avena_ 19 Oatgrass _Arrhenatherum_ 19 Okra _Hibiscus esculentus_ 44 Onion _Allium_ 29 Oniongrass _Melica_ 22 Orach, tumbling _Atriplex rosea_ 37 Orchardgrass _Dactylis_ 20 Orcuttia _Orcuttia_ 23 Oregongrape _Mahonia aquifolium_ 57 Osageorange _Maclura_ 57 Othake _Palafoxia_ 49 Oxalis _Oxalis_ 49 Oxeyedaisy _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_ 39 Paintbrush _Castilleja_ 38 Paleseed _Conobea_ 40 Pampasgrass _Cortaderia_ 20 Pangolagrass _Digitaria decumbens_ 20 Panicum _Panicum_ 23 Paperflower _Psilostrophe_ 51 Pappusgrass _Pappophorum_ 24 Paragrass _Panicum purpurascens_ 23 Parrotfeather _Myriophyllum_ 48 Parsnip _Pastinaca_ 49 Parthenium _Parthenium_ 49 Partridgepea _Cassia_ 31 Paspalum _Paspalum_ 24 Pawpaw _Asimina_ 55 Pea _Pisum_ 33 Peanut _Arachis_ 30 Pear _Pyrus communis_ 57 Pearlmillet _Pennisetum glaucum_ 24 Pearlwort _Sagina_ 52 Peashrub _Caragana_ 31, 56 Peavine _Lathyrus_ 32 Pecan _Carya illinoensis_ 56 Pectis _Pectis_ 49 Pedicularis _Pedicularis_ 49 Pellitory _Parietaria_ 49 Pencilflower _Stylosanthes_ 34 Pennisetum _Pennisetum_ 24 Pennycress _Thlaspi_ 54 Penstemon _Penstemon_ 49 Penthorum _Penthorum_ 49 Peppergrass _Lenidium densiflorum_ 46 Pepperweed _Lepidium_ 46 Pepperwort _Marsilea_ 28 Perilla _Perilla_ 49 Persimmon _Diospyros_ 56 Phacelia _Phacelia_ 49 Phlox _Phlox_ 49 Pigeonpea _Cajanus_ 31 Pigweed _Amaranthus_ 35 Pimpernel _Anagallis_ 35 Pinedropseed _Blepharoneuron_ 19 Pinegrass _Calamagrostis rubescens_ 20 Pinweed _Lechea_ 46 Plantain _Plantago_ 50 Plum _Prunus_ 57 Plumegrass _Erianthus_ 21 Poisonhemlock _Conium maculatum_ 40 Poisonivy _Rhus radicans_ 58 Poisonvetch _Astragalus_ 30 Pokeberry _Phytolacca_ 50 Polemonium _Polemonium_ 50 Polygala _Polygala_ 50 Polypogon _Polypogon_ 25 Polytaenia _Polytaenia_ 50 Pondweed _Potamogeton_ 29 Poolmat _Zannichellia_ 30 Poplar _Populus_ 57 Poppymallow _Callirhoë_ 38 Porcupinegrass _Stipa spartea_ 26 Portulaca _Portulaca_ 50 Potato _Solanum tuberosum_ 53 Potatobean _Apios_ 30 Prairieclover _Petalostemum_ 33 Prairieconeflower _Ratibida_ 51 Prairiegentian _Eustoma_ 42 Pricklyash _Xanthoxylum_ 59 Pricklypear _Opuntia_ 48 Pricklypoppy _Argemone_ 36 Princesplume _Stanleya_ 53 Proso _Panicum miliaceum_ 23 Puncturevine _Tribulus_ 54 Purplerocket _Iodanthus_ 45 Purpletop _Tridens flavus_ 26 Purslane _Portulaca_ 50 Pussytoes _Antennaria_ 35 Quackgrass _Agropyron repens_ 18 Quakinggrass _Briza_ 19 Quickweed _Galinsoga_ 43 Quillwort _Isoëtes_ 28 Rabbitbrush _Chrysothamnus_ 56 Radish _Raphanus_ 51 Ragweed _Ambrosia_ 35 Rainlily _Cooperia_ 29 Rape _Brassica rapa_ 38 Raspberry _Rubus_ 58 Rattlesnakefern _Botrychium_ 28 Rattlesnakeroot _Prenanthes_ 51 Ravennagrass _Erianthus ravennae_ 21 Razorsedge _Scleria_ 28 Redbud _Cercis_ 31, 56 Redcedar _Juniperus virginiana_ 57 Redtop _Agrostis alba_ 18 Reed _Phragmites_ 24 Reedgrass _Calamagrostis_ 20 Rhodesgrass _Chloris gayana_ 20 Rhubarb _Rheum_ 51 Rice _Oryza_ 23 Ricegrass _Oryzopsis_ 23 Ricegrass, Mandan X _Striporyzopsis caduca_ 26 Ringwing _Cycloloma_ 40 Rockcress _Arabis_ 36 Rocket _Hesperis_ 44 Rocketsalad _Eruca_ 42 Rockjasmine _Androsace_ 35 Rose _Rosa_ 58 Rosegentian _Sabatia_ 52 Rosemallow _Hibiscus_ 44 Rosinweed _Silphium_ 53 Rotala _Rotala_ 51 Ruellia _Ruellia_ 51 Rush _Juncus_ 28 Rushpea _Hoffmanseggia_ 32 Russianolive _Elaeagnus_ 56 Russianthistle _Salsola_ 52 Rutabaga _Brassica rapa_ 38 Rye _Secale_ 25 Ryegrass _Lolium_ 22 Sacaton _Sporobolus_ 25, 26 Safflower _Carthamus_ 38 Sage _Salvia_ 52 Sagebrush _Artemisia_ 36, 55 Sagewort _Artemisia_ 36 Sainfoin _Onobrychis_ 33 Salsify _Tragopogon_ 54 Saltbush _Atriplex_ 37, 55 Saltgrass _Distichlis_ 21 Samolus _Samolus_ 52 Sandbur _Cenchrus_ 20 Sandgrass _Triplasis_ 26 Sandreed _Calamovilfa_ 20 Sandverbena _Abronia_ 35 Sandwort _Arenaria_ 36 Sanicle _Sanicula_ 52 Sassafras _Sassafras_ 59 Scouringrush _Equisetum_ 28 Scurfpea _Psoralea_ 33 Seablite _Suaeda_ 54 Sedge _Carex_ 27 Seedbox _Ludwigia_ 47 Seepweed _Suaeda_ 54 Selenia _Selenia_ 52 Selfheal _Prunella_ 51 Senna _Cassia_ 31 Sensitivebriar _Schrankia_ 34 Sensitivefern _Onoclea_ 28 Serradella _Ornithopus_ 33 Serviceberry _Amelanchier_ 55 Sesame _Sesamum_ 52 Sesbania _Sesbania_ 34 Shepherdspurse _Capsella_ 38 Shootingstar _Dodecatheon_ 41 Sicklepod _Arabis canadensis_ 36 Sida _Sida_ 52 Silene _Silene_ 52 Silvergrass _Miscanthus_ 22 Sisymbrium _Sisymbrium_ 53 Skeletongrass _Gymnopogon_ 22 Skeletonplant _Lygodesmia_ 47 Skullcap _Scutellaria_ 52 Sleepygrass _Stipa robusta_ 26 Sloughgrass _Beckmannia_ 19 Smartweed _Polygonum_ 50 Smilograss _Oryzopsis miliacea_ 23 Smutgrass, rattail _Sporobolus poiretii_ 26 Snailseed _Cocculus_ 39 Snakecotton _Froelichia_ 43 Snakeroot, white _Eupatorium rugosum_ 42 Snakeweed _Gutierrezia_ 43, 57 Snapweed _Impatiens_ 45 Sneezeweed _Helenium_ 44 Snowberry _Symphoricarpos_ 59 Snow-on-the-mountain _Euphorbia marginata_ 42 Soapberry _Sapindus_ 59 Soapweed _Yucca_ 30, 59 Soapwort _Saponaria_ 52 Solomonplume _Smilacina_ 30 Solomonseal _Polygonatum_ 29 Sophora _Sophora_ 34 Sorghum _Sorghum_ 25 Sorrel _Rumex_ 51 Sowthistle _Sonohus_ 53 Soybean _Glycine_ 31 Spanishneedles _Bidens bipinnata_ 37 Speedwell _Veronica_ 55 Spermolepis _Spermolepis_ 53 Spiderflower _Cleome_ 39 Spiderwort _Tradescantia_ 30 Spikesedge _Eleocharis_ 27 Spleenwort _Aspleninum_ 28 Sprangletop _Leptochloa_ 22 Springbeauty _Claytonia_ 39 Spurge _Euphorbia_ 42 Squirreltail _Sitanion_ 25 St. augustinegrass _Stenotaphrum_ 26 St. johnswort _Hypericum_ 45 Stargrass _Cynodon plectostachyum_ 20 Stenosiphon _Stenosiphon_ 54 Stickseed _Hackelia_; _Lappula_ 44, 46 Stillingia _Stillingia_ 54 Stinkgrass _Eragrostis cilianensis_ 21 Stonecrop _Sedum_ 52 Strawberry _Fragaria_ 42 Sudangrass _Sorghum bicolor_ var. _sudanense_ 25 Sugarcane _Saccharum_ 25 Sulla _Hedysarum_ 32 Sumac _Rhus_ 58 Sumpweed _Iva_ 45 Sunflower _Helianthus_ 44 Sunrose _Helianthemum_ 44 Sweetclover _Melilotus_ 33 Sweetflag _Acorus_ 29 Sweetpea _Lathyrus odoratus_ 32 Sweetpotato _Ipomoea batatas_ 45 Sweetroot _Osmorhiza_ 49 Switchgrass _Panicum virgatum_ 24 Sycamore _Platanus_ 57 Taenidia _Taenidia_ 54 Tamarisk _Tamarix_ 59 Tangierpea _Lathyrus tingitanus_ 32 Tanglehead _Heteropogon_ 22 Tansy _Tanacetum_ 54 Tansymustard _Descurainia_ 41 Teff _Eragrostis tef_ 21 Teosinte _Euchlaena_ 21 Tephrosia _Tephrosia_ 34 Thaspium _Thaspium_ 54 Thatchgrass _Hyparrhenia hirta_ 22 Themeda _Themeda_ 26 Thermopsis _Thermopsis_ 34 Thimbleberry, fragrant _Rubus odoratus_ 58 Thistle _Cirsium_ 39 Threeawn _Aristida_ 19 Tickclover _Desmodium_ 31 Tickseed _Corispermum_ 40 Tidestromia _Tidestromia_ 54 Timothy _Phleum_ 24 Toadflax _Linaria_ 46 Tobacco _Nicotiana_ 48 Tobosa _Hilaria mutica_ 22 Tomato _Lycopersicum_ 47 Toothwort _Dentaria_ 41 Torpedograss _Panicum repens_ 23 Tovara _Tovara_ 54 Townsendia _Townsendia_ 54 Treeofheaven _Ailanthus_ 55 Trefoil _Lotus_ 32 Trichloris _Trichloris_ 26 Tridens _Tridens_ 26 Trigonella _Trigonella_ 34 Trisetum _Trisetum_ 26 Trumpetcreeper _Campsis_ 56 Tumblegrass _Schedonnardus_ 25 Tumblemustard _Sisymbrium altissimum_ 53 Tumbleweed _Amaranthus graecizans_ 35 Turnip _Brassica napus_ 38 Uniola _Uniola_ 26 Vaseygrass _Paspalum urvillei_ 24 Velvetbean _Stizolobium_ 34 Velvetgrass _Holcus_ 22 Velvetleaf _Abutilon theophrasti_ 35 Venuslookingglass _Specularia_ 53 Verbena _Verbena_ 54 Vernalgrass _Anthoxanthum_ 18 Vetch _Vicia_ 34 Viburnum _Viburnum_ 59 Vinemesquite _Panicum obtusum_ 23 Violet _Viola_ 55 Virginsbower _Clematis virginiana_ 39 Wahoo, eastern _Euonymus atropurpureus_ 56 Walkingfern _Camptosorus_ 28 Walnut _Juglans_ 57 Watercress _Rorippa_ 51 Waterhemlock _Cicuta_ 39 Waterhemp _Acnida_ 35 Waterhyssop, disk _Bacopa rotundifolia_ 37 Waterleaf _Hydrophyllum_ 45 Waterlily _Nymphaea_ 48 Waterplantain _Alisma_ 29 Waterprimrose _Jussiaea_ 45 Waterstarwort _Callitriche_ 38 Wedgescale _Sphenopholis_ 25 Westerndaisy _Astranthium_ 37 Wheat _Triticum_ 26 Wheatgrass _Agropyron_ 18 Whitegrass _Leersia virginica_ 22 Widgeongrass _Ruppia_ 30 Wildbean _Strophostyles_ 34 Wildginger _Asarum_ 36 Wildindigo _Baptisia_ 31 Wildrice _Zizania_; _Zizaniopsis_ 26 Wildrye _Elymus_ 21 Willow _Salix_ 58 Willowweed _Epilobium_ 41 Windmillgrass _Chloris verticillata_ 20 Wingstem _Verbesina alternifolia_ 55 Wintercress _Barbarea_ 37 Winterfat _Eurotia_ 56 Wirelettuce _Stephanomeria_ 54 Wisteria _Wisteria_ 35, 59 Witchgrass _Leptoloma_; _Panicum_ 22, 23 Witchweed _Striga lutea_ 54 Wolffia _Wolffia_ 30 Wolftail _Lycurus_ 22 Woodfern _Dryopteris_ 28 Woodnettle _Laportea_ 46 Woodreed _Cinna_ 20 Woodsia _Woodsia_ 28 Yam _Dioscorea_ 29 Yarrow _Achillea_ 35 Yerbadetajo _Eclipta alba_ 41 Zinnia _Zinnia_ 55 Zizia _Zizia_ 55 Zoysia _Zoysia_ 26 =GRASSES= _Aegilops cylindrica_ Host goatgrass _Agropyron_ Gaertn. wheatgrass _cristatum_[9] (L.) Gaertn. fairway w. _dasystachyum_ (Hook.) Scribn. thickspike w. _desertorum_[9] (Fisch.) Schult. crested w. _elongatum_[10] (Host) Beauv. tall w. _inerme_ (Scribn. & Smith) Rydb. beardless w. _intermedium_[11] (Host) Beauv. intermediate w. _repens_ (L.) Beauv. quackgrass _riparium_ Scribn. & Smith streambank w. _semicostatum_ (Steud.) Nees ex Boiss. drooping w. _sibiricum_ (Willd.) Beauv. Siberian w. _smithii_ Rydb. western w. _spicatum_ (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith bluebunch w. _subsecundum_ (Link) Hitchc. bearded w. _trachycaulum_ (Link) Malte slender w. _trichophorum_[11] (Link) Richt. pubescent w. _Agrostis_ L. bentgrass _alba_ L. redtop _canina_ L. velvet b. _diegoensis_ Vasey thin b. _exarata_ Trin. spike b. _hiemalis_ (Walt.) B.S.P. winter b. _palustris_ Huds. creeping b. _tenuis_ Sibth. colonial b. var. _aristata_ (Parnell) Druce awned c. b. _Aira caryophyllea_ L. silver hairgrass _Alopecurus_ L. foxtail _aequalis_ Sobol. shortawn f. _arundinaceus_ Poir. creeping f. _carolinianus_ Walt. Carolina f. _myosuroides_ Huds. mouse f. _pratensis_ L. meadow f. _Ammophila_ Host beachgrass _arenaria_ (L.) Link European b. _breviligulata_ Fernald American b. _Andropogon_ L. bluestem _barbinodis_ Lag. cane b. _elliotti_ Chapm. elliott b. _gerardi_ Vitman big b. _glomeratus_ (Walt.) B.S.P. bushy b. _hallii_ Hack. sand b. _intermedius_ R. Brown[12] caucasian b. _ischaemum_ L.[13] Turkestan b. _nodosus_ (Willem.) Nash angleton b. _perforatus_ Trin. ex Fourn. pinhole b. _saccharoides_ Swartz silver b. _scoparius_ Michx. little b. _tener_ (Nees) Kunth slender b. _ternarius_ Michx. splitbeard b. _virginicus_ L. broomsedge _Anthoxanthum odoratum_ L. sweet vernalgrass _Aristida_ L. threeawn _adscensionis_ L. sixweeks t. _arizonica_ Vasey Arizona t. _basiramea_ Engelm. ex Vasey forktip t. _curtissii_ (A. Gray) Nash curtiss t. _desmantha_ Trin. & Rupr. curly t. _dichotoma_ Michx. churchmouse t. _divaricata_ Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. poverty t. _fendleriana_ Steud. fendler t. _intermedia_ Scribn. & Ball kearney t. _longespica_ Poir. slimspike t. _longiseta_ Steud. red t. _oligantha_ Michx. prairie t. _orcuttiana_ Vasey single t. _purpurascens_ Poir. arrowfeather t. _purpurea_ Nutt. purple t. _ramosissima_ Engelm. ex A. Gray s-curve t. _wrightii_ Nash wright t. _Arrhenatherum_ Beauv. oatgrass _elatius_ (L.) Presl tall o. var. _bulbosum_ (Willd.) Spenner tuber o. _Arundinaria_ Michx. cane _gigantea_ (Walt) Muhl. giant c. _tecta_ (Walt) Muhl. switch c. _Arundo donax_ L. giantreed _Astrebla pectinata_ F.v.M.[14] mitchellgrass _Avena_ L. oat _barbata_ Brot. slender o. _byzantina_ C. Koch red o. _fatua_ L. wild o. _nuda_ L. naked o. _sativa_ L. common o. _Axonopus affinis_ Chase carpetgrass _Beckmannia syzigachne_ (Steud.) Fernald American sloughgrass _Blepharoneuron tricholepis_ (Torr.) Nash pinedropseed _Bouteloua_ Lag. grama _barbata_ Lag. sixweeks g. _chondrosioides_ (H.B.K.) Benth. ex S. Wats. sprucetop g. _curtipendula_ (Michx.) Torr. sideoats g. _eriopoda_ (Torr.) Torr. black g. _filiformis_ (Fourn.) Griffiths slender g. _gracilis_ (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Steud. blue g. _hirsuta_ Lag. hairy g. _rothrockii_ Vasey rothrock g. _Briza_ L. quakinggrass _maxima_ L. big q. _media_ L. perennial q. _minor_ L. little q. _Bromus_ L. brome _arenarius_ Labill. Australian b. _arvensis_ L. field b. _brizaeformis_ Fisch. & Mey. rattle b. _carinatus_[15] Hook. & Arn. mountain b. _catharticus_ Vahl. rescue b. _ciliatus_[16] L. fringed b. _commutatus_ Schrad. hairy b. _erectus_ Huds. meadow b. _frondosus_ (Shear) Woot. & Standl. weeping b. _inermis_ Leyss. smooth b.[17] _japonicus_ Thunb. Japanese b. _madritensis_ L. Spanish b. _mollis_ L. soft b. _purgans_ L. Canada b. _racemosus_ L. bald b. _rigidus_ Roth ripgut b. _rubens_ L. red b. _secalinus_ L. cheat _stamineus_[18] E. Desv. harlan b. _sterilis_ L. poverty b. _tectorum_ L. downy b. _tomentellus_[18] Boiss. Russian b. _vulgaris_ (Hook.) Shear Columbia b. _Buchloë dactyloides_ (Nutt.) Engelm. buffalograss _Calamagrostis_ Adans. reedgrass _canadensis_ (Michx.) Beauv. bluejoint r. _epigeios_ (L.) Roth chee r. _inexpansa_ A. Gray northern r. _rubescens_ Buckl. pinegrass _Calamovilfa_ Hack. sandreed _gigantea_ (Nutt.) Scribn. & Merr. big s. _longifolia_ (Hook.) Scribn. prairie s. _Cenchrus_ L. sandbur _myosuroides_ H.B.K. big s. _pauciflorus_ Benth. sandbur _setigerus_[19] Vahl birdwoodgrass _Chloris_ Swartz chloris; windmillgrass[20] _distichophylla_ Lag. weeping c. _gayana_ Kunth rhodesgrass _verticillata_ Nutt. windmillgrass _virgata_ Swartz showy c. _Cinna arundinacea_ L. stout woodreed _Coix lacryma-jobi_ L. jobstears _Cortaderia selloana_ (Schult.) Aschers. & Graebn. pampasgrass _Cynodon_ L. Rich. bermudagrass _dactylon_ (L.) Pers. bermudagrass _plectostachyum_[19] (Schum.) Pilger stargrass _transvaalensis_ Burtt-Davy African b. _Cynosurus cristatus_ L. crested dogtail _Dactylis glomerata_ L. orchardgrass _Danthonia_ Lam. & DC. danthonia _californica_ Boland. California d. _intermedia_ Vasey timber d. _pilosa_ R. Br. hairy d. _spicata_ (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. poverty d. _Deschampsia caespitosa_ (L.) Beauv. tufted hairgrass _Diarrhena americana_ Beauv. American beakgrain _Digitaria_ Heister crabgrass; fingergrass[21] _decumbens_ Stent pangolagrass _filiformis_ (L.) Koel. slender f. _ischaemum_ (Schreb.) Schreb. ex Muhl. smooth c. _sanguinalis_ (L.) Scop. crabgrass _Distichlis_ Raf. saltgrass _spicata_ (L.) Greene seashore s. _stricta_ (Torr.) Rydb. inland s. _Echinochloa_ Beauv. cockspur _crusgalli_ (L.) Beauv. barnyardgrass var. _frumentacea_ (Roxb.) W. F. Wight japanesemillet _Eleusine indica_ (L.) Gaertn. goosegrass _Elymus_ L. wildrye _arenanius_ L. European dune w. _canadensis_ L. Canada w. _caput-medusae_ L. medusahead w. _chinensis_ (Trin.) Keng [_A. pseudo-agropyron_ (Griseb.) Franch.][22] Chinese w. _cinereus_ Scribn. & Merr. basin w. _condensatus_ Presl giant w. _giganteus_ Vahl mammoth w. _glaucus_ Buckl. blue w. _junceus_[22] Fish. Russian w. _macounii_ Vasey macoun w. _triticoides_ Buckl. beardless w. _villosus_ Muhl. hairy w. _virginicus_ L. Virginia w. _Eragrostis_ Beauv. lovegrass _barrelieri_ Daveau Mediterranean l. _capillaris_ (L.) Nees lacegrass _chloromelas_ Steud. boer l. _cilianensis_ (All.) Lutati stinkgrass _curtipedicellata_ Buckl. gummy l. _curvula_ (Schrad.) Nees weeping l. _frankii_ C. A. Meyer ex Steud. sandbar l. _hypnoides_ (Lam.) B.S.P. teal l. _intermedia_ Hitchc. plains l. _lehmanniana_ Nees lehmann l. _oxylepis_ (Torr.) Torr. (not _E. secundiflora_ Presl as shown in older manuals) red l. _pectinacea_ (Michx.) Nees Carolina l. _pilosa_ (L.) Beauv. India l. _poaeoides_ Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. little l. _secundiflora_ Presl (see _E. oxylepis_) _sessilispica_ Buckl. tumble l. _spectabilis_ (Pursh) Steud. purple l. _tef_ (Zuccagni) Trotter teff _trichodes_ (Nutt.) Wood sand l. _Eremochloa ophiuroides_ (Munro) Hack. centipedegrass _Erianthus_ Michx. plumegrass _ravennae_ (L.) Beauv. ravennagrass _Eriochloa contracta_ Hitchc. prairie cupgrass _Euchlaena mexicana_ Schrad. teosinte _Festuca_ L. fescue _arizonica_ Vasey Arizona f. _arundinacea_ Schreb. tall f. _elatior_ L. meadow f. _idahoensis_ Elmer Idaho f. _megalura_ Nutt. foxtail f. _myuros_ L. rattail f. _obtusa_ Bieler nodding f. _octoflora_ Walt. sixweeks f. _ovina_ L. sheep f. var. _duriuscula_ (L.) Koch hard f. _paradoxa_ Desv. cluster f. _rubra_ L. red f. var. _commutata_ Gaud. chewings f. _scabrella_ Torr. rough f. _thurberi_ Vasey thurber f. _viridula_ Vasey green f. _Gastridium ventricosum_ (Gouan) Schinz & Thell. nitgrass _Glyceria striata_ (Lam.) Hitchc. fowl mannagrass _Gymnopogon ambiguus_ (Michx.) B.S.P. bearded skeletongrass _Heteropogon_ Pers. tanglehead _contortus_ (L.) Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. tanglehead _melanocarpus_ (Ell.) Benth. sweet t. _Hilaria_ H.B.K. hilaria _belangeri_ (Steud.) Nash curlymesquite _jamesii_ (Torr.) Benth. galleta _mutica_ (Buckl.) Benth. tobosa _rigida_ (Thurb.) Benth. big galleta _Holcus lanatus_ L. velvetgrass _Hordeum_ L. barley _brachyantherum_ Nevski northern-meadow b. _jubatum_ L. foxtail b. var. _caespitosum_ (Scribn.) Hitchc. bobtail b. _nodosum_ L.[23] meadow b. _pusillum_ Nutt. little b. _vulgare_ L. barley _Hyparrhenia_ Anderss. ex Stapf hyparrhenia _hirta_ (L.) Stapf thatchgrass _rufa_ (Nees) Stapf jaragua _Hystrix patula_ Moench bottlebrushgrass _Imperata cylindrica_ (L.) Beauv. cogongrass _Koeleria cristata_ (L.) Pers. prairie junegrass _Leersia_ Swartz cutgrass _lenticularis_ Michx. catchflygrass _oryzoides_ (L.) Swartz rice c. _virginica_ Willd. whitegrass _Leptochloa_ Beauv. sprangletop _dubia_ (H.B.K.) Nees green s. _fascicularis_ (Lam.) A. Gray bearded s. _filiformis_ (Lam.) Beauv. red s. _Leptoloma cognatum_ (Schult.) Chase fall witchgrass _Lolium_ L. ryegrass _multiflorum_ Lam. Italian r. _perenne_ L. perennial r. _temulentum_ L. darnel _Lycurus phleoides_ H.B.K. wolftail _Manisuris_ L. jointtail _cylindrica_ (Michx.) Kuntze Carolina j. _tuberculosa_ Nash Florida j. _Melica_ L. melic; oniongrass[24] _bulbosa_ Geyer ex Port. & Coult. oniongrass _imperfecta_ Trin. coastrange m. _mutica_ Walt. twoflower m. _nitens_ (Scribn.) Nutt. ex Piper threeflower m. _porteri_ Scribn. porter m. _Melinis minutiflora_ Beauv. molassesgrass _Miscanthus sinensis_ Anderss. Chinese silvergrass _Muhlenbergia_ Schreb. muhly _andina_ (Nutt.) Hitchc. foxtail m. _arenicola_ Buckl. sand m. _asperifolia_ (Nees & Mey.) Parodi alkali m. _brachyphylla_ Bush nodding m. _capillaris_ (Lam.) Trin. hairawn m. _cuspidata_ (Torr.) Rydb. plains m. _filiformis_ (Thurb.) Rydb. pullup m. _foliosa_ (Roem. & Schult.) Trin.[25] leafy m. _frondosa_ (Poir.) Fernald wirestem m. var. _mexicana_ (L.) Trin. forma _commutata_ (Scribn.) Fernald (based on _M. mexicana_ subsp. _commutata_ Scribn.) bearded w. m. _montana_ (Nutt.) Hitchc. mountain m. _porteri_ Scribn. porter m. _pungens_ Thurb. sandhill m. _racemosa_ (Michx.) B.S.P. green m. _schreberi_ Gmel. nimblewill _sobolifera_ (Muhl.) Trin. rock m. _squarrosa_ (Trin.) Rydb.[26] mat m. _sylvatica_ (Torr.) Torr. forest m. _torreyi_ (Kunth) Hitchc. ex Bush ring m. _wrightii_ Vasey spike m. _Munroa squarrosa_ (Nutt.) Torr. falsebuffalograss _Nardus stricta_ L. matgrass _Orcuttia_ Vasey orcuttia _Oryza sativa_ L. rice _Oryzopsis_ Michx. ricegrass _hymenoides_ (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker Indian r. _miliacea_ (L.) Benth. & Hook. ex Aschers. & Schweinf. smilograss _Panicum_ L. panicum; witchgrass _agrostoides_ Spreng. redtop p. _anceps_ Michx. beaked p. _antidotale_ Retz. blue p. _bulbosum_ H.B.K. bulb p. _capillare_ L. common w. var. _occidentale_ Rydb. cushion w. _depauperatum_ Muhl. stunted p. _dichotomiflorum_ Michx. fall p. _gatttingeri_ Nash gattinger w. _hillmani_ Chase hillman p. _huachucae_ Ashe huachuca p. _latifolium_ L. wideleaf p. _leibergii_ (Vasey) Scribn. leiberg p. _lindheimeri_ Nash lindheimer p. _linearifolium_ Scribn. slimleaf p. _malacophyllum_ Nash softleaf p. _maximum_ Jacq. guineagrass _miliaceum_ L. proso _obtusum_ H.B.K. vinemesquite _perlongum_ Nash elongate p. _praecocius_ Hitchc. & Chase early p. _purpurascens_ Raddi paragrass _ramosum_ L. browntopmillet _repens_ L. torpedograss _scoparium_ Lam. velvet p. _scribnerianum_ Nash scribner p. _sphaerocarpon_ Ell. roundseed p. _tennesseense_ Ashe Tennessee p. _texanum_ Buckl. Texas p. _villosissimum_ Nash hairy p. _virgatum_ L. switchgrass _werneri_ Scribn. werner p. _wilcoxianum_ Vasey wilcox p. _Pappophorum mucronulatum_ Nees pappusgrass _Paspalum_ L. paspalum _ciliatifolium_ Michx. fringeleaf p. _circulare_ Nash roundseed p. _dilatatum_ Poir. dallisgrass _distichum_ L. knotgrass _floridanum_ Michx. Florida p. var. _glabratum_ Engelm. ex Vasey smooth F. p. _fluitans_ (Ell.) Kunth horsetail p. _laeve_ Michx. field p. _lividum_ Trin. longtom _malacophyllum_ Trin. ribbed p. _notatum_ Flügge bahiagrass _plicatulum_ Michx. brownseed p. _pubiflorum_ Rupr. ex Fourn. hairyseed p. _repens_ Bergius[27] horsetail p. _stramineum_ Nash sand p. _urvillei_ Steud. vaseygrass _Pennisetum_ L. Rich. pennisetum _alopecuroides_ (L.) Spreng. Chinese p. _ciliare_ (L.) Link buffelgrass _clandestinum_ Hochst. ex Chiov. kikuyugrass _glaucum_[28] (L.) R. Br. pearlmillet _purpureum_ Schumach napiergrass _ruppelii_ Steud.[29] fountaingrass _villosum_ R. Br. feathertop _Phalaris_ L. canarygrass _arundinacea_ L. reed c. _canariensis_ L. canarygrass _caroliniana_ Walt. Carolina c. _minor_ Retz. littleseed c. _tuberosa_ L. bulb c. var. _stenoptera_ (Hack.) Hitchc. hardinggrass _Phleum_ L. timothy _alpinum_ L. alpine t. _pratense_ L. timothy _Phragmites communis_ Trin. common reed _Poa_ L. bluegrass _ampla_ Merr. big b. _annua_ L. annual b. _arachnifera_ Torr. Texas b. _arida_ Vasey plains b. _bulbosa_ L. bulbous b. _canbyi_ (Scribn.) Piper canby b. _chapmaniana_ Scribn. chapman b. _compressa_ L. Canada b. _fendleriana_ (Steud.) Vasey mutton b. _nevadensis_ Vasey ex Scribn. Nevada b. _pratensis_ L. Kentucky b. _scabrella_ (Thurb.) Benth. ex Vasey pine b. _secunda_ Presl rough b. _sylvestris_ A. Gray woodland b. _trivialis_ L. roughstalk b. _Polypogon monspeliensis_ (L.) Desf. rabbitfoot polypogon _Puccinellia airoides_ (Nutt.) Wats. & Coult. nuttall alkaligrass _Redfieldia flexuosa_ (Thurb) Vasey blowoutgrass _Rhynchelytrum roseum_[30] (Nees) Stapf and Hubb. ex Bews natalgrass _Saccharum officinarum_ L. sugarcane _Schedonnardus paniculatus_ (Nutt.) Trel. tumblegrass _Scleropogon brevifolius_ Phil. burrograss _Secale_ L. rye _cereale_ L. rye _montanum_ Guss. mountain r. _Setaria_ Beauv. bristlegrass; millet[31] _faberii_ Herrm. giant b.[32] _geniculata_ (Lam.) Beauv. knotroot b. _italica_ (L.) Beauv. foxtail m. _lutescens_ (Weigel) Hubb.[33] yellow b.[32] _macrostachya_ H.B.K. plains b. _verticillata_ (L.) Beauv. hooked b. _viridis_ (L.) Beauv. green b.[32] _Sitanion hystrix_ (Nutt.) J. G. Smith bottlebrush squirreltail _Sorghastrum nutans_ (L.) Nash indiangrass _Sorghum_ Moench[34] sorghum _halepense_ ( L.) Pers. johnsongrass var. _almum_ Parodi[35] sorghum almum _bicolor_ (L.) Moench. sorghum var. _drummondii_ (Nees) Hack. ex Chiov. chickencorn var. _sudanense_ Hitchc. sudangrass var. _technicum_ (Koern.) Jav. broomcorn _Spartina_ Schreb. cordgrass _alterniflora_ Loisel. smooth c. _cynosuroides_ (L.) Roth big c. _gracilis_ Trin. alkali c. _patens_ (Ait.) Muhl. marshhay c. _pectinata_ Link prairie c. _Sphenopholis_ Scribn. wedgescale _intermedia_ (Rydb.) Rydb. slender w. _obtusata_ (Michx.) Scribn. prairie w. _Sporobolus_ R. Br. dropseed; sacaton _airoides_ (Torr.) Torr. alkali s. _asper_ (Michx.) Kunth tall d. var. _hookeri_ (Trin.) Vasey meadow t.d. var. _pilosus_ (Vasey) Hitchc. hairy t.d. _clandestinus_ (Bieler) Hitchc. hidden d. _cryptandrus_ (Torr.) A. Gray sand d. _flexuosus_ (Thurb.) Rydb. mesa d. _giganteus_ Nash giant d. _heterolepis_ (A. Gray) A. Gray prairie d. _interruptus_ Vasey black d. _neglectus_ Nash puffsheath d. _poiretii_ (Roem. & Schult.) Hitchc. rattail smutgrass _pyramidatus_ (Lam.) Hitchc. whorled d. _texanus_ Vasey Texas d. _vaginiflorus_ (Torr.) Wood poverty d. _wrightii_ Munro ex Scribn. sacaton _Stenotaphrum secundatum_ (Walt.) Kuntze St. augustinegrass _Stipa_ L. needlegrass _cernua_ Stebbins & Love nodding n. _columbiana_ Macoun subalpine n. _comata_ Trin. & Rupr. needleandthread _leucotricha_ Trin. & Rupr. Texas n. _neomexicana_ (Thurb.) Scribn. New Mexico feathergrass _occidentalis_ Thurb. western n. _pulchra_ Hitchc. purple n. _robusta_ (Vasey) Scribn. sleepygrass _spartea_ Trin. porcupinegrass _viridula_ Trin. green n. X _Stiporyzopsis caduca_ (Beal) B. L. Johnson & Rogler (_Oryzopsis hymenoides_ X _Stipa viridula_) Mandan ricegrass _Themeda triandra_ Forsk. themeda _Tragus_ Hall. burgrass _Trichachne_ Nees cottontop _californica_ (Benth.) Chase Arizona c. _patens_ Swallen Texas c. _Trichloris_ Fourn. trichloris _mendocina_ (Phil.) Kurtz[36] twoflower t. _pluriflora_ Fourn. fourflower t. _Tridens_ Roem. & Schult. tridens _albescens_ (Vasey) Woot. & Standl. white t. _elongatus_ (Buckl.) Nash rough t. _flavus_ (L.) Hitchc. purpletop _muticus_ (Torr.) Nash slim t. _pilosus_ (Buckl.) Hitchc. hairy t. _pulchellus_ (H.B.K.) Hitchc. fluffgrass _strictus_ (Nutt.) Nash longspike t. _Triplasis purpurea_ (Walt.) Chapm. purple sandgrass _Tripsacum dactyloides_ (L.) L. eastern gamagrass _Trisetum_ Pers. trisetum _flavescens_ (L.) Beauv. yellow t. _spicatum_ (L.) Richt. spike t. _Triticum_ L. wheat _aestivum_ L. common w. _dicoccum_ Schrank emmer _durum_ Desf. durum w. _monococcum_ L. einkorn _turgidum_ L. poulard w. _Uniola_ L. uniola _latifolia_ Michx. broadleaf u. _sessiliflora_ Poir. longleaf u. _Zea mays_ L. corn _Zizania aquatica_ L. wildrice _Zizaniopsis miliacea_ (Michx.) Doell & Aschers. southern wildrice _Zoysia_ Willd. zoysia _japonica_ Steud. Japanese lawngrass _matrella_ (L.) Merr.[37] manillagrass _tenuifolia_ Willd. ex. Trin. mascarenegrass FOOTNOTES: [9] _Agropyron cristatum_ and _A. desertorum_ are part of a complex that includes several other species. [10] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. [11] A complex. [12] _Bothriochloa intermedia_ (R. Brown) A. Camus (a complex) of Harlan & Celerier, Okla. Tech. Bul. T-72. [13] _Bothriochloa ischaemum_ (L.) Keng. var. _ischaemum_ of Harlan & Celerier, Okla. Tech. Bul. T-72. [14] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. [15] A complex, including _B. californicus_ Nutt. ex Buckl., _B. marginatus_ Nees, _B. maritimus_ (Piper) Hitchc., and _B. polyanthus_ Scribn. [16] Includes _B. richardsoni_ Link. [17] In written material in which _B. inermis_ is the only _Bromus_ species discussed, its common name may be shortened to brome. [18] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. [19] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. [20] Spp. with stiff spreading spikes are called windmillgrass. [21] The name “fingergrass” applied to erect spp. [22] Not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. [23] The name _H. nodosum_ has generally been misapplied to _H. brachyantherum_ in this country. [24] The name “oniongrass” applied to those spp. with bulblike stem bases. [25] _M. foliosa_ is a name formerly applied to _M. mexicana_. _M. mexicana_ was then misapplied to the recently recognized _M. frondosa_ (Poir.) Fernald, which it resembles. [26] Considered to be a form of _M. richardsonis_ (Trin.) Rydb., see 1951 ed. of Hitchcock’s manual, p. 382. [27] Listed as _P. fluitans_ (Ell.) Kunth on p. 602 of Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. [28] Listed as _P. typhoides_, Stapf and Hubbard, page 74 USDA Handbook 170, “Grass varieties in the U.S.,” June, 1965. [29] Older name, now listed as _P. setaceum_, p. 729 in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. [30] Included in _Tricholaena_ in some manuals. [31] In some areas certain _Setaria_ spp. have been called foxtail, but to avoid confusion, that common name should be reserved to the genus _Alopecurus_. [32] These three species are sometimes called foxtail. [33] Listed as _S. glauca_ (L.) Beauv. in Gray’s Manual, 8th Ed. p. 226, and on p. 235, Vol. I, of the New Britton & Brown, 1952. [34] Listed as _Sorgum_ Adans. in Gray’s Manual, 8th Ed. p. 234, and on p. 244 in Vol. I of the New Britton & Brown, 1952. [35] _Sorghum almum_ is not listed in Hitchcock’s 1951 manual. Parodi, in his 1943 paper, concluded that it must have originated as a hybrid between _S. halepense_ and some other sorghum. [36] Listed on p. 530 of Hitchcock’s 1951 manual as _T. crinita_ (Lag.) Parodi. [37] _Z. pungens_ Willd. in some manuals. =SEDGES, RUSHES, AND RELATED GENERA= _Bulbostylis capillaris_ (L.) C. B. Clarke hairsedge bulbstyle _Carex_ L. sedge _aggregata_ Mackenz. glomerate s. _amphibola_ Steud. var. _turgida_ Fern. narrowleaf s. _annectens_ Bickn. yellowfruit s. _austrina_ (Small) Mackenz. southern s. _bicknellii_ Britt. bicknell s. _blanda_ Dew. woodland s. _brevior_ (Dew.) Mackenz. straw s. _bushii_ Mackenz. bush s. _cephalophora_ Muhl. woodbank s. _davisii_ Schwein. & Torr. davis s. _emoryi_ Dew. emory s. _frankii_ Kunth frank s. _granularis_ Muhl. meadow s. _gravida_ Bailey heavy s. _hyalinolepis_ Steud. thin scale s. _hystricina_ Muhl. bottlebrush s. _laeviconica_ Dew. smoothcone s. _lanuginosa_ Michx. woolly s. _leavenworthii_ Dew. leavenworth s. _lupulina_ Muhl. hop s. _meadii_ Dew. mead s. _microdonta_ Torr. & Hook. littletooth s. _pensylvanica_ Lam. var. _digyna_ Boeckl. (_C. heliophila_ Mackenz.) pennsylvania s. _praegracilis_ W. Boott clusteredfield s. _scoparia_ Schkuhr broom s. _stipata_ Muhl. sawbeak s. _vulpinoidea_ Michx. fox s. _Cyperus_ L. flatsedge; nutgrass _acuminatus_ Torr. & Hook. tapeleaf f. _diandrus_ Torr. low f. _erythrorhizos_ Muhl. redroot f. _esculentus_ L. yellow n. _ferruginescens_ Boeckl. slender f. _filiculmis_ Vahl fern f. _houghtonii_ Torr. Houghton f. _inflexus_ Muhl. awned f. _ovularis_ (Michx.) Torr. globe f. _rivularis_ Kunth brook f. _schweinitzii_ Torr. schweinitz f. _strigosus_ L. false n. _virens_ Michx. (C. _pseudovegetus_ Steud.) green f. _Eleocharis_ R. Br. spikesedge _acicularis_ (L.) R. & S. needle s. _compressa_ Sulliv. flatstem s. _engelmanni_ Steud. engelmann s. _macrostachya_ Britt. longstem s. _obtusa_ (Willd.) Schultes blunt s. _wolfii_ Gray wolf s. _Fimbristylis_ Vahl fimbristylis _autumnalis_ (L.) R. & S. var. _mucronulata_ (Michx.) Fern. _caroliniana_ (Lam.) Fern. [_F. puberula_ (Michx.) Vahl; _F. castanea_ (Michx.) Vahl var. _puberula_ (Michx.) Britt.; _F. interior_ Britt.] inland f. _Fuirena simplex_ Vahl fuirena _Hemicarpha_ Nees hemicarpha _drummondi_ Nees drummond h. _micrantha_ (Vahl) Pax common h. _Juncus_ L. rush _balticus_ Willd. baltic r. _biflorus_ Ell. (_J. aristulatus_ of Gray’s 7th ed., not Michx.) twoflower r. _diffusissimus_ Buckl. slimpod r. _dudleyi_ Wieg. dudley r. _interior_ Wieg. inland r. _kansanus_ F. J. Herm. Kansas r. _marginatus_ Rostk. grassleaf r. _nodatus_ Coville stout r. _tenuis_ Willd. (_J. macer_ S. F. Gray) soft r. _torreyi_ Coville torrey r. _Killinga_ (see _Cyperus_) _Scirpus_ L. bulrush _americanus_ Pers. American b. _atrovirens_ Willd. green b. _fluviatilis_ (Torr.) Gray river b. _hallii_ Gray hall b. _lineatus_ Michx. rusty b. _pallidus_ (Britt.) Fern. pale b. _paludosus_ Nels. alkali b. _validus_ Vahl softstem b. _Seleria_ Bergius razorsedge _pauciflora_ Muhl. fewflower r. _triglomerata_ Michx. whip r. =FERNS AND RELATED GENERA= _Adiantum pedatum_ L. American maidenhairfern _Asplenium_ L. spleenwort _platyneuron_ (L.) Oakes ebony s. _resiliens_ Kunze blackstem s. _Botrychium virginianum_ (L.) Sw. rattlesnakefern _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_ (L.) Link walkingfern _Cheilanthes feei_ Moore fee lipfern _Cystopteris fragilis_ (L.) Bernh. brittle bladderfern _Dryopteris_ Adans. woodfern _thelypteris_ (L.) Gray marshfern _Equisetum_ L. horsetail; scouringrush _arvense_ L. field h. _hyemale_ L. (including _E. prelatum_ Raf.) scouringrush _laevigatum_ A. Br. (including _E. kansanum_ Schaffn.) smooth h. _Isoëtes butleri_ Engelm. quillwort _Marsilea mucronata_ A. Br. (_M. vestita_ of Gray’s 7th ed., not Hook. & Grev.) pepperwort _Notholaena dealbata_ (Pursh) Kunze cloakfern _Onoclea sensibilis_ L. sensitivefern _Ophioglossum vulgatum_ L. adderstongue _Pellaea atropurpurea_ (L.) Link purple cliffbrake _Polystichum_ Roth hollyfern _acrostichoides_ (Michx.) Schott christmasfern _Pteridium_ Gleditsch bracken _aquilinum_ (L.) Kuhn var. _pubescens_ Underw. western b. var. _latiusculum_ (Desv.) Underw. eastern b. _Woodsia obtusa_ (Spreng.) Torr. common woodsia =OTHER MONOCOTS= _Acorus calamus_ L. drug sweetflag _Alisma subcordatum_ Raf. subcordate waterplantain _Allium_ L. onion; garlic various native spp. wild o.; wild g. _Anacharis_ (see _Elodea_) _Androstephium coerculeum_ (Scheele) Greene blue funnellily _Arisaema_ Mart. jackinthepulpit _dracontium_ (L.) Schott dragonroot j. _triphyllum_ (L.) Schott indian j. _Asparagus officinalis_ L. asparagus _Belamcanda chinensis_ (L.) DC. blackberrylily _Camassia scilloides_[38] (Raf.) Cory Atlantic camas _Commelina_ L. dayflower _diffusa_ Burm. f. (_C. longicaulis_ of manuals) creeping d. _erecta_ L. (including _C. virginica_ of manuals, not L.) erect d. _Cooperia drummondii_ Herb. eveningstar rainlily _Cypripedium calceolus_ L. var. _parviflorum_ (Salisb.) Fern. (_C. parviflorum_ Salisb.) small yellow ladyslipper _Dioscorea villosa_ L. Atlantic yam _Echinodorus_ Richard burhead _cordifolius_ (L.) Griseb. [_E. radicans_ (Nutt.) Engelm.] _rostratus_ (Nutt.) Engelm. [_E. cordifolius_ of manuals, not (L.) Griseb.] _Elodea nuttallii_ (Planch.) St. John [_Anacharis occidentalis_ (Pursh) Vict.] elodea _Erythronium albidum_ Nutt. white fawnlily _Habenaria leucophaea_ (Nutt.) Gray prairie fringeorchid _Heteranthera_ R. & P. mudplantain _dubia_ (Jacq.) MacM. grassleaf m. _limosa_ (Sw.) Willd. blue m. _reniformis_ R. & P. kidneyleaf m. _Hypoxis hirsuta_ (L.) Coville goldstargrass _Iris_ L. iris _brevicaulis_ Raf. (_I. foliosa_ Mackenz. & Bush) lamance i. _versicolor_ L. blueflag i. _Lemna_ L. duckweed _minima_ Philippi least d. _minor_ L. common d. _perpusilla_ Torr. minute d. _Lilium michiganense_ Farw. Michigan lily _Lophotocarpus calycinus_ (Engelm.) J. G. Sm. lophotocarpus _Melanthium virginicum_ L. bunchflower _Najas quadalupensis_ (Spreng.) Magnus [_Naias g._ (Spreng.) Morong] southern naiad _Nemastylis geminiflora_ Nutt. (_N. acuta_ Herb.) nemastylis _Nothoscordum bivalve_ (L.) Britt. yellow falsegarlic _Polygonatum canaliculatum_ (Muhl.) Pursh solomonseal _Potamogeton_ L. pondweed _diversifolius_ Raf. waterthread p. _foliosus_ Raf. leafy p. _illinoensis_ Morong (_P. lucens_ of manuals, not L.) Illinois p. _nodosus_ Poir. (_P. americanus_ C. & S.) longleaf p. _obtusifolius_ Mert. & Koch bluntleaf p. _pectinatus_ L. fennelleaf p. _pusillus_ L. baby p. _Ruppia maritima_ L. widgeongrass _Sagittaria_ L. arrowhead _ambigua_ J. G. Sm. Kansas a. _brevirostra_ Mackenz. & Bush shortbeak a. _cuneata_ Sheldon duckpotato a. _latifolia_ Willd. (including _S. esculenta_ Howell) common a. _longiloba_ Engelm. longbarb a. _Sisyrinchium_ L. blue-eyedgrass _angustifolium_ Mill. (including _S. graminoides_ Bickn.) common b. _campestre_ Bickn. prairie b. _Smilacina_ Desf. solomonplume _racemosa_ (L.) Desf. feather s. _stellata_ (L.) Desf. starry s. _Smilax_ L. greenbriar _lasioneura_ Hook. (included in _S. herbacea_ L. in some manuals) _tamnoides._ L. var. _hispida_ (Muhl.) Fern. (_S. hispida_ Muhl.) bristly g. _Sparganium eurycarpum_ Engelm. giant burreed _Spiranthes_ Richard ladiestresses _cernua_ (L.) Richard nodding l. _vernalis_ Engelm. & Gray upland l. _Spirodela polyrhiza_ (L.) Schleid. common ducksmeat _Tradescantia_ L. spiderwort _bracteata_ Small bracted s. _occidentalis_ (Britt.) Smyth prairie s. _ohiensis_ Raf. (_T. canaliculata_ Raf.) _tharpii_ Anders. & Woodson tharp s. _Typha_ L. cattail _angustifolia_ L. narrowleaf c. _latifolia_ L. common c. _Wolffia columbiana_ Karst. wolffia _Yucca glauca_ Nutt. small soapweed _Zannichellia palustris_ L. common poolmat _Zygadenus nuttallii_ Gray (also spelled _Zigadenus_) nuttall deathcamas FOOTNOTES: [38] _C. scilloides_ in Gray’s 8th Ed.: _C. scillioides_ in some manuals. =LEGUMES (including woody species)= _Acacia augustissima_ (Mill.) Ktze. prairie acacia _Alysicarpus vaginalis_ DC. alyceclover _Amorpha_ L. amorpha _canescens_ Pursh leadplant _fruticosa_ L. indigobush a. _Amphicarpa bracteata_ (L.) Fern. southern hogpeanut _Anthyllis vulnerania_ L. kidneyvetch _Apios americana_ Medic. American potatobean _Arachis hypogaea_ L. peanut _Astragalus_ L. milkvetch: species not poisonous loco: species causing locoism poisonvetch: species causing poisoning other than locoism _canadensis_ L. Canada m. _caryocarpus_ Ker (_A. crassicarpus_ Nutt.) groundplum m. _cicer_ L. cicer m. _gracilis_ Nutt. slender m. _lotiflorus_ Hook. lotus m. _missouriensis_ Nutt. Missouri m. _mollissimus_ Torr. woolly l. _pectinatus_ (Hook.) Dougl. narrowleaf p. _plattensis_ Nutt. Nebraska m. _racemosus_ Pursh creamy p. _rubyi_ Greene & Morris ruby m. _spatulatus_ Sheld. (_A. caespitosus_ Gray; _Homalobus caespitosus_ Nutt.) tufted m. _Baptisia_ Vent. wildindigo _leucantha_ T. & G. Atlantic w. _leucophaea_ Nutt. plains w. _minor_ Lehm. blue w. _Cajanus cajan_ Millsp. (_C. indicus_ Spreng.) pigeonpea _Caragana arborescens_ Lam. Siberian peashrub _Cassia_ L. senna; partridgepea _fasciculata_ Michx. (_Chamaecrista f._ B. & B., including _C. rostrata_ Woot. & Standl.) showy p. _marilandica_ L. wild s. _nictitans_ L. sensitive p. _Cercis canadensis_ L. eastern redbud _Cicer arientinum_ L. chickpea _Coronilla varia_ L. crownvetch _Crotalaria_ L. crotalaria _incana_ L. shackshack c.[39] _juncea_ L. sunn c. _mucronata_ Desv. striped c. _sagittalis_ L. arrow c. _spectabilis_ Roth showy c. _Cytisus_ L. broom _Dalea_[40] Juss. dalea _alopecuroides_ Willd. [_D. leporina_ (Alt.) Kearney & Peebles] foxtail d. _aurea_ Nutt. silktop d. _enneandra_ Nutt. nineanther d. _jamesii_ (Torr.) T. & G. james d. _lanata_ Spreng. woolly d. _nana_ Torr. dwarf d. _Desmanthus_ Willd. bundleflower _illinoensis_ (Michx.) MacM. Illinois b. _leptolobus_ T. & G. slenderlobed b. _Desmodium_ Desv. tickclover _canadense_ (L.) DC. Canada t. _canescens_ (L.) DC. hoary t. _cuspidatum_ (Muhl.) Loud. [_D. bracteosum_ (Michx.) DC.] longleaf t. _glutinosum_ (Muhl.) Wood [_D. acuminatum_ (Michx.) DC.] largeflower t. _illinoense_ Gray Illinois t. _paniculatum_ (L.) DC. panicled t. _sessilifolium_ (Torr.) T. & G. sessile t. _tortuosum_ DC. (_D. purpureum_ Fawcett & Rendle) tall t. _Dolichos lablab_ L. hyacinthbean _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L. honeylocust _Glottidium vesicarium_ (Jacq.) Harper bagpod _Glycine max_ (L.) Merr. soybean _Glycyrrhiza lepidota_ (Nutt.) Pursh American licorice _Gymnocladus dioica_ (L.) K. Koch Kentucky coffeetree _Hedysarum coronarium_ L. sulla _Hoffmanseggia jamesii_ T. & G. rushpea _Homalobus_ (see _Astragalus_) _Indigofera_ L. indigo _hirsuta_ L. hairy i. _leptosepala_ Nutt. western i. _Lathyrus_ L. peavine _hirsutus_ L. rough p. _latifolius_ L. perennial p. _odoratus_ L. sweetpea _polymorphous_ Nutt. [including _L. incanus_ (Sm. & Rydb.) Rydb. and _L. stipulaceous_ (Pursh) Butters & St. John] hoary p. _pusillus_ Ell. low p. _sativus_ L. grass p. _sylvestris_ L. flat p. _tingitanus_ L. tangierpea _venosus_ Muhl. veiny p. _Lens culinaris_ Medic. (_L. esculenta_ Moench) lentil _Lespedeza_ Michx. lespedeza _bicolor_ Turcz. shrub l. _capitata_ Michx. roundhead l. _cuneata_ (Dumont) G. Don sericea l. _cyrtobotrya_ Miq. bush l. _daurica_ (Laxm.) Schindl. var. _schimadae_ (Masam.) Masam. & Hosok prostrate-daurican l. _hedysaroides_ (Pall.) Kitagawa rush l. _hirta_ (L.) Hornem. hairy l. _intermedia_ (S. Wats.) Britt. wand l. _japonica_ Bailey Japan l. _latissima_ Nakai decumbent l. _manniana_ Mackenz. & Bush mann l. _nuttallii_ Darl. nuttall l. _procumbens_ Michx. trailing l. _repens_ (L.) Bart. creeping l. _stipulacea_ Maxim. Korean l. _striata_ (Thunb.) H. & A. common l. _stuevei_ Nutt. stuves l. _violacea_ (L.) Pers. (_L. prairea_ Britt.) violet l. _virginica_ (L.) Britt. slender l. _Lotus_ L. deervetch (native American spp.); trefoil _americanus_ (Nutt.) Bisch. American d. _corniculatus_ L. birdsfoot t. _tenuis_ Waldst. & Dit. ex. Willd. narrowleaf b.t. _uliginosus_ Schkuhr (_L. major_ Sm.; _L. villosus_ Willd.) big t. _Lupinus_ L. lupine _albus_ L. white l. _angustifolius_ L. blue l. _luteus_ L. yellow l. _plattensis_ S. Wats. Nebraska l. _pusillus_ Pursh low l. _subcarnosus_ Hook. Texas l. _Medicago_ L. medic; burclover; alfalfa _arabica_ (L.) Huds. spotted b. _arborea_ L. tree m. _ciliaris_ Bald. ex DC. fringed m. _falcata_ L. yellow a. _hispida_ Gaertn. California b. _lupulina_ L. black m. _minima_ (L.) Desr. little b. _orbicularis_ All. button m. _rigidula_ Desr. Tifton b. _sativa_ L. alfalfa _scutellata_ Mill. snail m. _tuberculata_ Willd. tuberculous m. _Melilotus_ Mill. sweetclover _alba_ Desr. white s. _dentata_ Pers. banat s. _indica_ (L.) All. annual yellow s. _officinalis_ (L.) Lam. yellow s. _suaveolens_ Ledeb. daghestan s. _Onobrychis viciaefolia_ Scop. common sainfoin _Ornithopus sativus_ Brot. serradella _Oxytropis lambertii_ Pursh lambert crazyweed[41] _Petalostemum_[42] Michx. prairieclover _candidum_ (Willd.) Michx. white p. _compactum_ (Spreng.) Swezey compact p. _multiflorum_ Nutt. roundheaded p. _occidentale_ (Gray) Fern. western p. _porterianum_ Small porter p. _purpureum_ (Vent.) Rydb. purple p. _tenuifolium_ Gray slimleaf p. _villosum_ Nutt. silky p. _Phaseolus_ L. bean _aconitifolius_ Jacq. moth b. _acutifolius_ Gray Texas b. _angularis_ Wight adsuki b. _aureus_ Roxb. mung b. _calcaratus_ Roxb. rice b. _coccineus_ L. (_P. multiflorus_ Lam.) runner b. _lunatus_ L. (including var. _macrocarpus_ Benth.) lima b. _vulgaris_ L. common b. _Pisum_ L. pea _arvense_ (L.) Poir. field p. _sativum_ L. garden p. _Prosopis juliflora_ (Swartz) DC. (_P. chilensis_ of manuals; including _P. glandulosa_ Torr. and _P. velutina_ Woot.) mesquite _Psoralea_ L. scurfpea _argophylla_ Pursh silverleaf s. _cuspidata_ Pursh tallbread s. _digitata_ Nutt. palmleaf s. _osculenta_ Pursh common breadroot s. _hypogaea_ Nutt. little breadroot s. _lanceolata_ Pursh lemon s. _linearifolia_ T. & G. slimleaf s. _psoralioides_ (Walt.) Cory bobsroot s. _tenuiflora_ Pursh slimflower s. var. _floribunda_ (Nutt.) Rydb. manyflower s. _Pueraria_ DC. kudzu _lobata_ (Willd.) Ohwi [_P. thunbergiana_ (Sieb. & Zucc.) Benth.] thunberg k. _phaseoloides_ Benth. tropical k. _Robinia_ L. locust _pseudo-acacia_ L. black l. _viscosa_ Vent. clammy l. _Schrankia nuttallii_ (DC.) Standl. (_S. uncinata_ of manuals, not Willd.) catclaw sensitivebriar _Sesbania exaltata_ (Raf.) Cory sesbania _Sophora sericea_ Nutt. silky sophora _Stizolobium deeringianum_ Bort. velvetbean _Strophostyles_ Ell. wildbean _helvola_ (L.) Ell. trailing w. _leiosperma_ (T. & G.) Piper smoothseed w. _Stylosanthes biflora_ (L.) BSP. pencilflower _Tephrosia virginiana_ (L.) Pers. [including _T. leucosericea_ (Rydb.) Cory] Virginia tephrosia _Thermopsis rhombifolia_ Nutt. ex Rich. prairie thermopsis _Trifolium_ L. clover _agrarium_ L. hop c. _alexandrinum_ L. berseem _ambiguum_ Bieb. kura c. _arvense_ L. rabbitfoot c. _campestre_ Schreb. plains c. _carolinianum_ Michx. Carolina c. _dubium_ Sibth. small hop c. _fragiferum_ L. strawberry c. _glomeratum_ L. cluster c. _hirtum_ All. rose c. _hybridum_ L. alsike c. _incarnatum_ L. crimson c. _lappaceum_ L. lappa c. _medium_ L. zigzag c. _nigrescens_ Viv. ball c. _pratense_ L. red c. _procumbens_ L. large hop c. _reflexum_ L. buffalo c. _repens_ L. white c. _resupinatum_ L. Persian c. _stoloniferum_ Eat. stoloniferous c. _striatum_ L. knotted c. _subterraneum_ L. subterranean c. _Trigonella_ L. trigonella _foenum-graecum_ L. fenugreek _Vicia_ L. vetch _americana_ Muhl. American v. _angustifolia_ Reichard narrowleaf v. _articulata_ Hornem. oneflower v. _benghalensis_ L. (_V. atropurpurea_ Desf.) purple v. _caroliniana_ Walt. Carolina v. _cracca_ L. bird v. _dasycarpa_ Ten. woollypod v. _ervilia_ Willd. bitter v. _faba_ L. broadbean var. _equina_ Pers. (_V. faba_ L. subsp. _major_ Alef.) horsebean _grandiflora_ Scop. bigflower v. _ludoviciana_ Nutt. Louisiana v. _monantha_ (L.) Desf. oneflower v. _pannonica_ Crantz. Hungarian v. _sativa_ L. common v. _sparsifolia_ Nutt. stiffleaf v. _trifida_ Dietr. clubleaf v. _villosa_ Roth hairy v. _Vigna_ Savi cowpea _sesquipedalis_ Fruwirth yardlong c. _sinensis_ (L.) Endl. cowpea _Wisteria macrostachya_ Nutt. wisteria FOOTNOTES: [39] Listed as shack c. in 1948 USDA Yearbook of Agriculture. [40] The genus _Dalea_ includes _Petalostemum_ in some manuals. [41] Often termed stemless loco in older literature but the name loco should be reserved for the genus _Astragalus_. [42] The genus _Petalostemum_ is included in _Dalea_ in some manuals. =OTHER DICOT FORBS= _Abronia fragrans_ Nutt. ex Hook. sweet sandverbena _Abutilon theophrasti_ Medic. velvetleaf _Acalypha_ L. copperleaf _gracilens_ Gray slender c. _ostryaefolia_ Riddell hophornbeam c. _virginica_ L. Virginia c. _Acerates_ (see _Asclepias_) _Achillea_ L. yarrow _millefolium_ L. subsp. _millefolium_ common y. _millefolium_ L. subsp. _lanulosa_ (Nutt.) Piper western y. _Acnida tamariscina_ (Nutt.) Wood waterhemp _Actinea_ (see _Hymenoxys_) _Actinomeris_ (see _Verbesina_) _Agastache_ Clayt. gianthyssop _nepetoides_ (L.) Ktze. catnip g. _scrophulariaefolia_ (Willd.) Ktze. purple g. _Agoseris cuspidata_ (see _Microseris_) _Agrimonia_ L. agrimony _parviflora_ Ait. many flower a. _pubescens_ Wallr. downy a. _rostellata_ Wallr. woodland a. _Agrostemma githago_ L. common corncockle _Alliaria officinalis_ Andrz. garlicmustard _Allionia_ (included in _Mirabilis_) _Amaranthus_ L. pigweed (amaranth of SPN) _graecizans_ L. (_A. blitoides_ S. Wats.) tumbleweed _hybridus_ L. slim p. _palmeri_ S. Wats. palmer p. _retroflexus_ L. rough p. _spinosus_ L. spiny p. _torreyi_ (Gray) Benth. torrey p. _Ambrosia_ L. ragweed _artemisiifolia_ L. (_A. elatior_ L.) common r. _bidentata_ Michx. lanceleaf r. _psilostachya_ DC. (_A. coronopifolia_ T. & G.) western r. _trifida_ L. giant r. _Ammannia_ ammannia _auriculata_ Willd. earleaf a. _coccinea_ Rottb. purple a. _Ampelamus albidus_ (Nutt.) Britt. (_Gonolobus laevis_ of manuals, not Michx.) climbingmilkweed _Amsonia tabernaemontana_ Walt. willow amsonia _Anagallis arvensis_ L. scarlet pimpernel _Androsace occidentalis_ Pursh western rockjasmine _Anemone_ L. anemone _canadensis_ L. meadow a. _caroliniana_ Walt. Carolina a. _cylindrica_ Gray candle a. _decapetala_ Ard. tenpetal a. _virginiana_ L. Virginia a. _Antennaria_ Gaertn. pussytoes _neglecta_ Greene (including A. _campestris_ Rydb. & _A. longifolia_ Greene) field p. _plantaginifolia_ (L.) Richards (including _A. fallax_ Greene) plantainleaf p. _Anthemis_ L. camomile _cotula_ L. mayweed c. _tinctoria_ L. golden c. _Anychia_ (see _Paronychia_) _Aplopappus_ (see _Haplopappus_) _Apocynum_ L. dogbane _cannabinum_ L. hemp d. _sibiricum_ Jacq. prairie d. _Aquilegia_ L. columbine _Arabis_ L. rockcress _canadensis_ L. sickle pod _dentata_ (Torr.) T. & G. toothed r. _hirsuta_ (L.) Scop. var. _pycnocarpa_ (M. Hopkins) Rollins hairy r. _laevigata_ (Muhl.) Poir. smooth r. _virginica_ (L.) Poir. Virginia r. _Arctium minus_ (Hill) Bernh. smaller burdock _Arenaria_ L. sandwort _patula_ Michx. pitchers s. _serpyllifolia_ L. thymeleaf s. _stricta_ Michx. var. _texana_ Robins. Texas s. _Argemone_ L. pricklypoppy _polyanthemos_ (Fedde) G. Ownbey _squarrosa_ Greene (including _A. hispida_ Gray) hedgehog p. _Aristolochia tomentosa_ Sims dutchmanspipe _Armoracia lapathifolia_ Gilib. [_Rorippa armoracia_ (L.) Hitchc.] common horseradish _Artemisia_ L. sagewort; sagebrush _annua_ L. sweet sagewort _biennis_ Willd. biennial sagewort _campestris_ L. (_A. canadensis_ Michx.) prairie sagewort _dracunculus_ L. falsetarragan sagewort _filifolia_ Torr. sand sagebrush _ludoviciana_ Nutt. [including var. _gnaphalodes_ (Nutt.) T. & G.] Louisiana sagewort _vulgaris_ L. common sagewort _Asarum canadense_ L. wildginger _Asclepias_ L. (including _Acerates_ Ell.) milkweed _amplexicaulis_ Sm. bluntleaf m. _arenaria_ Torr. sand m. _auriculata_ (Engelm.) Holz. (_Acerates a._ Engelm.) leafy m. _hirtella_ (Pennell) Woodson (_Acerates h._ Pennell) prairie m. _incarnata_ L. swamp m. _lanuginosa_ Nutt. [_Acerates l._ (Nutt.) DC.] woolly m. _latifolia_ (Torr.) Raf. broadleaf m. _pumila_ (Gray) Vail plains m. _purpurascens_ L. purple m. _speciosa_ Torr. showy m. _stenophylla_ Gray (_Acerates angustifolia_ Dene.) narrowleaf m. _subverticillata_ (Gray) Vail (_A. galioides_ HBK.) poison m. _sullivantii_ Engelm. sullivant m. _syriaca_ L. var. _kansana_ (Vail) Palmer & Steyerm. Kansas m. _syriaca_ L. var. _syriaca_ common m. _tuberosa_ L. butterfly m. _verticillata_ L. whorled m. _viridiflora_ Raf. [_Acerates v._ (Raf.) Eaton] green m. _Asclepiodora_[43] Gray antelopehorn _decumbens_ (Nutt.) Gray (_Asclepias capricornu_ Woodson) spider a. _viridis_ (Walt.) Gray (_Asclepias v._ Walt.) green a. _Aster_ L. aster _anomalus_ Engelm. manyray a. _arenosus_ Blake [_Leucelene ericoides_ (Torr.) Greene] babywhite a. _azureus_ Lindl. azure a. _drummondii_ Lindl. drummond a. _ericoides_ L. heath a. _exilis_ Ell. slim a. _fendleri_ Gray fendler a. _laevis_ L. var. _laevis_ smooth a. _novae-angliae_ L. New England a. _oblongifolius_ Nutt. aromatic a. _ontarionis_ Wieg. (_A. missouriensis_ Britt., & _A. pantotrichus_ Blake) Missouri a. _paludosus_ Ait. singlestem bog a. _praealtus_ Poir. willowleaf a. _sagittifolius_ Wedemeyer arrow a. _sericeus_ Vent. silky a. _simplex_ Willd. (_A. paniculatus_ Lam. not Mill.) panicled a. _tanacetifolius_ HBK. [_Machaeranthera t._ (HBK.) Nees] tansyleaf a. _tataricus_ L. f. tatarian a. _vimineus_ Lam. small white a. _Astranthium integrifolium_ (Michx.) Nutt. entireleaved westerndaisy _Atriplex_ L. saltbush _argentea_ Nutt. silverscale s. _canescens_ (Pursh) Nutt. fourwing s. _patula_ L. fat-hen s. _rosea_ L. tumbling orach _Aureolaria_ (see _Gerardia_) _Bacopa rotundifolia_ (Michx.) Wettst. (_Macuillamia r._ Michx.) disk waterhyssop _Bahia oppositifolia_ (Nutt.) DC. [_Picradeniopsis o._ (Nutt.) Rydb.] plains bahia _Barbarea vulgaris_ R. Br. bitter wintercress _Bergia texana_ (Hook.) Seubert Texas bergia _Berlandiera_ DC. berlandiera _lyrata_ Benth. wireleaf b. _texana_ DC. Texas b. _Berteroa incana_ (L.) DC. hoary false-alyssum _Berula erecta_ (Huds.) Coville stalky berula _Beta_ L. beet _Bidens_ L. beggarticks _bipinnata_ L. spanishneedles _cernua_ L. [including _B. glaucescens_ Greene, & _B. elliptica_ (Wieg.) Gleason] nodding b. _frondosa_ L. devils b. _polylepis_ Blake [_B. involucrata_ (Nutt.) Britt.] coreopsis b. _tripartita_ L. [_B. comosa_ (Gray) Wieg., & _B. connata_ Muhl.] bur b. _vulgata_ Greene tall b. _Boehmeria cylindrica_ (L.) Sw. smallspike falsenettle _Boltonia_ L’Her. boltonia _asteroides_ (L.) L’Her. var. _recognita_ (Fern. & Griscom) Cron. (_B. latisquama_ Gray var. _recognita_ Fern. & Griscom) white b. _asteroides_ (L.) L’Her. var. _latisquama_ (Gray) Cron. (_B. latisquama_ Gray) violet b. _Brassica_ L. mustard _juncea_ (L.) Coss. India m. _kaber_ (DC.) L. C. Wheeler charlock _napus_ L. (_B. rapa_ of authors, not L.) turnip _nigra_ (L.) Koch black m. _oleracea_ L. cabbage, etc. _rapa_ L. (_B. campestris_ L.) rape & rutabaga _Brickellia grandiflora_ (Hook.) Nutt. [_B. umbellata_ (Greene) Rydb.] brickellia _Buchnera americana_ L. American bluehearts _Cacalia_ L. indian plantain _atriplicifolia_ L. pale i. _tuberosa_ Nutt. tuberous i. _Calceolaria_ (see _Hybanthus_) _Callirhoë_ Nutt. poppymallow _alcaeoides_ (Michx.) Gray pale p. _digitata_ Nutt. finger p. _involucrata_ (T. & G.) Gray purple p. _Callitriche heterophylla_ Pursh waterstarwort _Camelina microcarpa_ Andrz. littlepod falseflax _Campanula americana_ L. American bellflower _Cannabis sativa_ L. hemp _Capsella bursa-pastoris_ (L.) Medic. shepherdspurse _Cardamine_ L. bittercress _bulbosa_ (Schreb.) BSP. bulb b. _parviflora_ L. smallflower b. _pensylvanica_ Muhl. Pennsylvania b. _Cardaria draba_ (L.) Desv. (_Lepidium draba_ L.) hoary cress _Carduus nutans_ L. muskthistle _Carthamus tinctorius_ L. safflower _Castilleja_ Mutis paintbrush _citrina_ Pennell citron p. _coccinea_ (L.) Spreng. indian p. _sessiliflora_ Pursh downy p. _Centaurea_ L. centaurea _americana_ Nutt. basketflower _cyanus_ L. cornflower _repens_ L. (_C. picris_ Pall.) Russian knapweed _solstitialis_ L. yellow c. _Cerastium_ L. cerastium _brachypodum_ (Engelm.) Robins. shortstalk c. _nutans_ Raf. powderhorn c. _vulgatum_ L. big c. _Ceratophyllum demersum_ L. hornwort _Chaerophyllum_ L. chervil _procumbens_ (L.) Crantz spreading c. _reflexum_ Bush. reflexed c. _texanum_ C. & R. Texas c. _Chamaesaracha_ Gray falsenightshade _conioides_ (Moric.) Britt. _coronopus_ (Dunal) Gray green f. _Chamaesyce_ (included in _Euphorbia_) _Chenopodium_ L. goosefoot _albescens_ Small pale g. _album_ L. lambsquarters _ambrosioides_ L. wormseed g. _berlandieri_ Moq. pitseed g. _boscianum_ Moq. goosefoot _cycloides_ A. Nels. sandhill g. _fremontii_ S. Wats. fremont g. _glaucum_ L. oakleaf g. _hybridum_ L. var. _gigantospermum_ (Aellen) Rouleau mapleleaf g. _incanum_ (S. Wats.) Heller _leptophyllum_ Nutt. slimleaf g. _murale_ L. nettleleaf g. _petiolare_ HBK. _salinum_ Standl. alkali g. _Chrysanthemum leucanthemum_ L. oxeyedaisy _Chrysopsis_ Ell. goldaster _pilosa_ Nutt. soft g. _villosa_ (Pursh) Nutt. var. _angustifolia_ (Rydb.) Cron. [_C. angustifolia_ Rydb., _C. stenophylla_ (Gray) Greene] _villosa_ (Pursh) Nutt. var. _canescens_ Gray (_C. berlandieri_ Greene) _villosa_ (Pursh) Nutt. var. _foliosa_ (Nutt.) D. C. Eat. (_C. foliosa_ Nutt.) leafy g. _villosa_ (Pursh) Nutt. var. _hispida_ (Hook.) Gray [_C. viscida_ (Gray) Greene] rough g. _villosa_ (Pursh) Nutt. var. _villosa_ (including _C. bakeri_ Greene, _C. ballardi_ Rydb., _C. hirsutissima_ Greene, & _C. asprella_ Greene) hairy g. _Cichorium intybus_ L. common chicory _Cicuta maculata_ L. waterhemlock _Circaea latifolia_ Hill broadleaf circaea _Cirsium_ Mill. thistle _altissimum_ (L.) Spreng. tall t. _arvense_ (L.) Scop. Canada t. _ochrocentrum_ Gray yellowspine t. _undulatum_ (Nutt.) Spreng. wavyleaf t. _vulgare_ (Savi) Airy-Shaw (_C. lanceolatum_ of manuals) bull t. _Claytonia virginica_ L. Virginia springbeauty _Clematis_ L. clematis _fremontii_ S. Wats. fremont c. _ligusticifolia_ Nutt. western c. _pitcheri_ T. & G. pitcher c. _virginiana_ L. virginsbower _Cleome_ L. spiderflower _serrulata_ Pursh bee s. _spinosa_ Jacq. spiny s. _Cleomella angustifolia_ Torr. cleomella _Cocculus carolinus_ (L.) DC. Carolina snailseed _Collinsia violacea_ Nutt. collinsia _Comandra_ Nutt. comandra _pallida_ A. DC. pale c. _richardsiana_ Fern. richards c. _Conium maculatum_ L. poisonhemlock _Conobea multifida_ (Michx.) Benth. [_Leucospora m._ (Michx.) Nutt.] paleseed _Conringia orientalis_ (L.) Dumort. treacle haresear _Convolvulus_ L. bindweed _arvensis_ L. field b. _incanus_ Vahl gray b. _sepium_ L. (including _C. interior_ House of manuals) hedge b. _Conyza_ L. conyza _canadensis_ (L.) Cron. [_Erigeron c._ L., _Leptilon c._ (L.) Britt.] horseweed _ramosissima_ Cron. (_Erigeron divaricatus_ Michx.) _Coreopsis_ L. coreopsis _grandiflora_ Hogg bigflower c. _palmata_ Nutt. finger c. _tinctoria_ Nutt. plains c. _Corispermum_ L. tickseed _hyssopifolium_ L. hyssopleaf t. _nitidum_ Kit. bugseed _Corydalis_ Medic. corydalis _aurea_ Willd. golden c. _campestris_ (Britt.) Buchholz & Palmer plains c. _crystallina_ Engelm. mealy c. _flavula_ (Raf.) DC. pale c. _micrantha_ (Engelm.) Gray smallflower c. _Cristatella jamesii_ T. & G. cristatella _Croton_ L. croton _capitatus_ Michx. woolly c. _glandulosus_ L. var. _septentrionalis_ Muell. Arg. tropic c. _lindheimerianus_ Scheele threeseed c. _monanthogynus_ Michx. oneseed c. _texensis_ (Klotzsch) Muell. Arg. Texas c. _Crotonopsis elliptica_ Willd. crotonopsis _Cryptantha_ Lehm. (including _Oreocarya_ Greene) cryptantha _crassisepala_ (T. & G.) Greene thicksepal c. _jamesii_ (Torr.) Payson [_O. suffruticosa_ (Torr.) Greene] james c. _Cucurbita foetidissima_ HBK. buffalogourd _Cuphea petiolata_ (L.) Koehne clammy cuphea _Cuscuta_ L. dodder _cephalanthi_ Engelm. buttonbush d. _coryli_ Engelm. hazel d. _cuspidata_ Engelm. cusp d. _glomerata_ Choisy cluster d. _indecora_ Choisy showy d. _pentagona_ Engelm. field d. _polygonorum_ Engelm. smartweed d. _Cyclanthera dissecta_ (T. & G.) Arn. cyclanthera _Cycloloma atriplicifolium_ (Spreng.) Coult. tumble ringwing _Cymopterus_ Raf. cymopterus _acaulis_ (Pursh) Raf. stemless c. _montanus_ (Nutt.) T. & G. (_Phellopterus m._ Nutt.) mountain corkwing _Cynoglossum_ L. houndstongue _officinale_ L. common h. _virginianum_ L. wildcomfrey h. _Dasistoma macrophylla_ (Nutt.) Raf. oakleech _Datura_ L. datura _innoxia_ Mill. (_D. meteloides_ DC., _D. metel_ of manuals, not L.) sacred d. _stramonium_ L. jimsonweed _Daucus_ L. carrot _carota_ L. wild c. _pusillus_ Michx. southwestern c. _Delphinium_ L. larkspur _ajacis_ L. rocket l. _tricorne_ Michx. dwarf l. _virescens_ Nutt. plains l. _Dentaria laciniata_ Muhl. cutleaf toothwort _Descurainia_ Webb & Berthelot tansymustard _pinnata_ (Walt.) Britt. [including _D. intermedia_ (Rydb.) Daniels, & _D. magna_ Rydb.] pinnate t. _sophia_ (L.) Webb flixweed t. _Dianthera_ (see _Justicia_) _Diaperia prolifera_ Nutt. diaperia _Dicentra cucullaria_ (L.) Bernh. dutchmans-breeches _Dicliptera brachiata_ (Pursh) Spreng. dicliptera _Diodia teres_ Walt. rough buttonweed _Ditaxis_ Vahl ditaxis _humilis_ (Engelm. & Gray) Pax low d. _mercurialina_ (Nutt.) Coult. tall d. _Dodecatheon meadia_ L. common shootingstar _Draba_ L. draba _brachycarpa_ Nutt. shortpod d. _cuneifolia_ Nutt. wedgeleaf d. _reptans_ (Lam.) Fern. (_D. caroliniana_ Walt.) carolina d. _Dracopis amplexicaulis_ (Vahl) Cass. (_Rudbeckia a._ Vahl) clasping coneflower _Dyssodia papposa_ (Vent.) Hitchc. prairie dogweed _Echinacea_ Moench echinacea _angustifolia_ DC. blacksamson e. _atrorubens_ Nutt. [including _E. paradoxa_ (Norton) Britt.] yellow e. _pallida_ Nutt. pale e. _Echinocereus_ Engelm. echinocereus _reichenbachii_ (Terscheck) Haage jr. (_E. caespitosus_ Engelm.) lace e. _viridiflorus_ Engelm. greenpitaya e. _Echinocystis lobata_ (Michx.) T. & G. wild mockcucumber _Echium vulgare_ L. blueweed _Eclipta alba_ (L.) Hassk. yerbadetajo _Elephantopus carolinianus_ Willd. elephantsfoot _Ellisia nyctelea_ L. ellisia _Engelmannia pinnatifida_ T. & G. engelmanndaisy _Epilobium_ L. willowweed _angustifolium_ L. fireweed _coloratum_ Biehler purpleleaf w. _leptophyllum_ Raf. (_E. lineare_ of manuals, not Muhl.) narrowleaf w. _Erechtites hieracifolia_ (L.) Raf. American burnweed _Erigeron_ L. (see also _Conyza_) fleabane _annuus_ (L.) Pers. annual f. _bellidiastrum_ Nutt. western f. _flagellaris_ Gray trailing f. _philadelphicus_ L. Philadelphia f. _pumilus_ Nutt. low f. _strigosus_ Muhl. [_E. ramosus_ (Walt.) BSP.] daisy f. _Eriogonum_ Michx. eriogonum _annuum_ Nutt. annual e. _longifolium_ Nutt. longleaf e. _Erodium cicutarium_ (L.) L’Her. filaree _Eruca sativa_ Mill. rocketsalad _Eryngium_ L. eryngo _leavenworthii_ T. & G. leavenworth e. _yuccifolium_ Michx. buttonsnakeroot e. _Erysimum_ L. erysimum _asperum_ (Nutt.) DC. plains e. _inconspicuum_ (S. Wats.) MacM. smallflower e. _repandum_ L. spreading e. _Eulophus_ (see _Perideridia_) _Eupatorium_ L. eupatorium; joepyeweed _altissimum_ L. tall e. _coelestinum_ L. mistflower e. _maculatum_ L. spotted j. _perfoliatum_ L. boneset _purpureum_ L. (_E. falcatum_ Michx.) bluestem j. _rugosum_ Houtt. (_E. urticaefolium_ Reichard) white snakeroot _serotinum_ Michx. late e. _Euphorbia_ L. [including _Tithymalus_ (Tourn.) Adans., & _Chamaesyce_ Small] euphorbia; spurge _corollata_ L. flowering s. _dentata_ Michx. [including _E. cuphosperma_ (Engelm.) Boiss.] toothed e. _dictyosperma_ Fisch. & Mey. warty e. _esula_ L. leafy s. _fendleri_ T. & G. (_E. greenei_ in Rydb.’s floras) fendler e. _geyeri_ Engelm. geyer e. _glyptosperma_ Engelm. ridgeseed e. _heterophylla_ L. painted e. _hexagona_ Nutt. sixangle e. _humistrata_ Engelm. spreading e. _lata_ Engelm. hoary e. _maculata_ L. (variously known as _E. hypericifolia_ L., _E. hyssopifolia_ L., _E. nutans_ Lag., & _E. preslii_ Guss.) spotted e. _marginata_ Pursh snow-on-the-mountain _missurica_ Raf. [including _E. nuttallii_ (Engelm.) Small, & _E. petaloidea_ Engelm.] Missouri s. _obtusata_ Pursh roughpod e. _serpens_ HBK. serpent e. _serpyllifolia_ Pers. thymeleaf e. _stictospora_ Engelm. slimseed e. _supina_ Raf. (called _E. maculata_ L. in manuals) prostrate s. _Eustoma russellianum_ (Hook.) Griseb. russell prairiegentian _Evolvulus nuttallianus_ R. & S. nuttall evolvulus _Fagopyrum sagittatum_ Gilib. (_F. esculentum_ Moench) common buckwheat _Flaveria campestris_ J. R. Johnston flaveria _Fragaria virginiana_ Duchesne wild strawberry _Franseria_ Cav. bursage _acanthicarpa_ (Hook.) Coville variable b. _confertiflora_ (DC.) Rydb. (_F. tenuifolia_ Harv. & Gray) slimleaf b. _tomentosa_ Gray burragweed _Froelichia_ Moench snakecotton _floridana_ (Nutt.) Moq. var. _campestris_ (Small) Fern. (_F. campestris_ Small) field s. _gracilis_ (Hook.) Moq. slender s. _Gaillardia_ Foug. gaillardia _aristata_ Pursh common perennial g. _drummondii_ (Hook.) DC. drummond g. _fastigiata_ Greene prairie g. _pulchella_ Foug. (_G. aristosa_ of manuals) rosering g. _Galinsoga ciliata_ (Raf.) Blake (_G. aristulata_ Bickn.) fringed quickweed _Galium_ L. bedstraw _aparine_ L. catchweed b. _circaezans_ Michx. var. _hypomalacum_ Fern. woods b. _concinnum_ T. & G. shining b. _obtusum_ Bigel. bluntleaf b. _pilosum_ Ait. hairy b. _tinctorium_ L. dye b. _triflorum_ Michx. fragrant b. _Gaura_ L. gaura _biennis_ L. biennial g. _coccinea_ Pursh scarlet g. _parviflora_ Dougl. smallflower g. _villosa_ Torr. hairy g. _Gentiana puberula_ Michx. downy gentian _Geranium_ L. geranium _carolinianum_ L. Carolina g. _maculatum_ L. spotted g. _Gerardia_ L. gerardia _aspera_ Dougl. rough g. _auriculata_ Michx. [_Tomanthera a._ (Michx.) Raf.] earleaf g. _densiflora_ Benth. [_Tomanthera d._ (Benth.) Raf.] fineleaf g. _grandiflora_ Benth. [_Aureolaria g._ (Benth.) Pennell] bigflower g. _skinneriana_ Wood rose g. _tenuifolia_ Vahl slender g. _Geum_ L. avens _canadense_ Jacq. white a. _vernum_ (Raf.) T. & G. heartleaf a. _Gilia_ R. & P. gilia _laxiflora_ (Coult.) Osterh. irion g. _longiflora_ (Torr.) G. Don whiteflower g. _spicata_ Nutt. spike g. _Glechoma hederacea_ L. [_Nepeta h._ (L.) Trevisan] groundivy _Gnaphalium_ L. cudweed _obtusifolium_ L. fragrant c. _purpureum_ L. purple c. _Gonolobus_ (see _Ampelamus_) _Gossypium hirsutum_ L. upland cotton _Gratiola_ L. hedgehyssop _aurea_ Muhl. (_G. lutea_ Raf. in part) golden h. _virginiana_ L. Virginia h. _Grindelia_ Willd. gumweed _lanceolata_ Nutt. spinytooth g. _squarrosa_ (Pursh) Dunal curlycup g. _Gutierrezia_ Lag. snakeweed _dracunculoides_ (DC.) Blake [_Amphiachyris d._ (DC.) Nutt.] broomweed _sarothrae_ (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby (including _G. diversifolia_ Greene, & _G. linearis_ Rydb.) broom s. _Hackelia virginiana_ (L.) I. M. Johnston [_Lappula v._ (L.) Greene] Virginia stickseed _Haplopappus_ Endl. (including _Aplopappus_ Cass., _Sideranthus_ Sweet, & _Oonopsis_ Greene) goldenweed _ciliatus_ (Nutt.) DC. (_Prionopsis ciliata_ Nutt.) wax g. _divaricatus_ (Nutt.) Gray [_Isopappus d._ (Nutt.) T. & G.] slender g. _englemannii_ Z. (Gray) Hall [_Oonopsis e._ (Gray) Greene] englemann g. _phyllocephalus_ DC. (_Sideranthus annuus_ Rydb.) annual g. _spinulosus_ (Pursh) DC. [_Sideranthus s._ (Pursh) Sweet] ironplant _Hedeoma_ Pers. falsepennyroyal _drummondii_ Benth. drummond f. _hispida_ Pursh rough f. _pulegioides_ (L.) Pers. American f. _Helenium_ L. sneezeweed _autumnale_ L. common s. _nudiflorum_ Nutt. purplehead s. _tenuifolium_ Nutt. bitter s. _Helianthemum bicknellii_ Fern. sunrose _Helianthus_ L. sunflower _annuus_ L. (including _H. lenticularis_ Dougl.) common s. _grosseserratus_ Martens sawtooth s. _hirsutus_ Raf. [_H. leptocaulis_ (Wats.) Blake (including _H. virilis_ Wats.)] hairy s. _laetiflorus_ Pers. [including _H. rigidus_ (Cass.) Desf., & _H. severus_ Wats.] stiff s. _maximiliani_ Schrad. maximilian s. _mollis_ Lam. ashy s. _petiolaris_ Nutt. prairie s. _salicifolius_ A. Dietr. willowleaf s. _tuberosus_ L. (including _H. mollissimus_ E. E. Wats.) jerusalemartichoke _Heliopsis helianthoides_ (L.) Sweet var. _scabra_ (Dunal) Fern. rough heliopsis _Heliotropium_ L. heliotrope _convolvulaceum_ (Nutt.) Gray bindweed h. _spathulatum_ Rydb. wild h. _tenellum_ (Nutt.) Torr. pasture h. _Hesperis matronalis_ L. dames rocket _Heterotheca subaxillaris_ (Lam.) Britt. & Rusby camphorweed _Heuchera richardsonii_ R. Br. var. _grayana_ Rosend., Butt., & Lak. alumroot _Hibiscus_ L. hibiscus; rosemallow _esculentus_ L. okra _militaris_ Cav. scarlet r. _trionum_ L. flowerofanhour _Hieracium longipilum_ Torr. longbeard hawkweed _Houstonia_ L. bluets _minima_ Beck tiny b. _nigricans_ (Lam.) Fern. (_H. angustifolia_ Michx.) narrowleaf b. _Humulus lupulus_ L. hop _Hybanthus verticillatus_ (Ortega) Baill. [_Calceolaria verticillata_ (Ortega) Ktze.] Northamerican calceolaria _Hydrophyllum_ L. waterleaf _appendiculatum_ Michx. notchbract w. _virginianum_ L. Virginia w. _Hymenopappus_ L’Her. hymenopappus _corymbosus_ T. & G. flattop h. _scabiosaeus_ L’Her. whitebract h. _tenuifolius_ Pursh slimleaf h. _Hymenoxys_ Cass. (_Actinea_ Juss., _Tetraneuris_ Greene, _Actinella_ Pers.) hymenoxys _acaulis_ (Pursh) Parker [_Tetraneuris a._ (Pursh) Greene] stemless h. _odorata_ DC. [_Actinea o._ (DC.) Ktze., & _Actinella o._ (DC.) Gray] bitterweed _scaposa_ (DC.) Parker var. _linearis_ (Nutt.) Parker (_Tetraneuris fastigiata_ Greene) plains h. _Hypericum_ L. St. johnswort _drummondii_ (Grev. & Hook.) T. & G. drummond S. _mutilum_ L. dwarf S. _perforatum_ L. common S. _punctatum_ Lam. spotted S. _sphaerocarpum_ Michx. roundfruit S. _Impatiens_ L. snapweed _biflora_ Walt. spotted s. _nortoni_ Rydb. norton s. _pallida_ Nutt. pale s. _Iodanthus pinnatifidus_ (Michx.) Steud. purplerocket _Ipomoea_ L. morningglory _batatas_ Lam. sweetpotato _hederacea_ (L.) Jacq. ivyleaf m. _lacunosa_ L. white m. _leptophylla_ Torr. bush m. _pandurata_ (L.) G. F. W. Mey. bigroot m. _purpurea_ (L.) Roth common m. _Isanthus brachiatus_ (L.) BSP. fluxweed _Isopyrum biternatum_ (Raf.) T. & G. Atlantic isopyrum _Iva_ L. sumpweed _ciliata_ Willd. seacoast s. _xanthifolia_ Nutt. rag s. _Jussiaea repens_ L. var. _glabrescens_ Ktze. (_J. diffusa_ of manuals, not Forsk.) floating waterprimrose _Justicia americana_ (L.) Vahl (_Dianthera a._ L.) American dianthera _Kallstroemia_ Scop. caltrop _hirsutissima_ Vail hairy c. _intermedia_ Rydb. intermediate c. _Kochia_ Roth kochia _Krameria lanceolata_ Torr. (_K. secundiflora_ of manuals, not DC.) trailing krameria _Krigia_ Schreb. dwarfdandelion _dandelion_ (L.) Nutt. [_Cynthia d._ (L.) DC.] tube d. _occidentalis_ Nutt. [_Cymbia o._ (Nutt.) Standl.] western d. _oppositifolia_ Raf. [_Serinia o._ (Raf.) Ktze.] common d. _Kuhnia_ L. kuhnia _eupatorioides_ L. (_K. suaveolens_ Fresen.; _K. hitchcockii_ A. Nels.) falseboneset _Lactuca_ L. lettuce _canadensis_ L. Canada l. _floridana_ (L.) Gaertn. Florida l. _ludoviciana_ (Nutt.) DC. Louisiana l. _pulchella_ (Pursh) DC. chicory l. _scariola_ L. (_L. serriola_ L.; _L. virosa_ of manuals, not L.) prickly l. _Lamium amplexicaule_ L. henbit _Laportea canadensis_ (L.) Gaud. woodnettle _Lappula_ Moench stickseed _echinata_ Gilib. European s. _redowskii_ (Hornem.) Greene [_L. occidentalis_ (S. Wats.) Greene] flatspine s. _texana_ (Scheele) Britt. (_L. heterosperma_ Greene) cupseed s. _Lechea tenuifolia_ Michx. pinweed _Leonurus cardiaca_ L. common motherwort _Lepidium_ L. pepperweed _campestre_ (L.) R. Br. field p. _densiflorum_ Schrad. peppergrass _perfoliatum_ L. clasping p. _ramosissimum_ Nels. manybranch p. _virginicum_ L. Virginia p. _Lesquerella_ S. Wats. bladderpod _gracilis_ (Hook.) S. Wats. [including _L. repanda_ (Nutt.) S. Wats.] spreading b. _ludoviciana_ (Nutt.) S. Wats. Louisiana b. _ovalifolia_ Rydb. ovalleaf b. _Leucelene ericoides_ (see _Aster arenosus_) _Liatris_ Schreb. gayfeather _angustifolia_ (Bush) Gaiser narrowleaf g. _kansana_ (Britt.) Rydb. Kansas g. _punctata_ Hook. dotted g. _pycnostachya_ Michx. thickspike g. _scariosa_ (L.) Willd. tall g. _squarrosa_ (L.) Michx. scaly g. _Linaria_ Mill. toadflax _canadensis_ (L.) Dum. var. _canadensis_ oldfield t. _canadensis_ var. _texana_ (Scheele) Pennell Texas t. _vulgaris_ Hill butter-and-eggs t. _Lindernia_ All. falsepimpernel _anagallidea_ (Michx.) Pennell clasping f. _dubia_ (L.) Pennell yellowseed f. _Linum_ L. flax _compactum_ A. Nels. _lewisii_ Pursh [_L. pratense_ (Norton) Small] lewis f. _rigidum_ Pursh stiffstem f. _sulcatum_ Riddell grooved f. _usitatissimum_ L. common f. _Lippia_ L. lippia _cuneifolia_ (Torr.) Steud. wedgeleaf fogfruit _lanceolata_ Michx. var. _recognita_ Fern. & Grisc. lanceleaf l. _Lithospermum_ L. gromwell _arvense_ L. corn g. _canescens_ (Michx.) Lehm. hoary g. _incisum_ Lehm. (_L. angustifolium_ Michx., & _L. linearifolium_ Goldie) narrowleaf g. _latifolium_ Michx. American g. _Lobelia_ L. lobelia _cardinalis_ L. cardinalflower _siphilitica_[44] L. bigblue l. _spicata_ Lam. palespike l. _splendens_ Willd. western cardinalflower _Lomatium_ Raf. lomatium _foeniculaceum_ (Nutt.) C. & R. [including _L. daucifolium_ (Nutt.) C. & R., & _L. villosum_ Raf.] carrotleaf l. _orientale_ C. & R. eastern l. _Lonicera_ L. honeysuckle _Ludwigia_ L. seedbox _alternifolia_ L. bushy s. _palustris_ (L.) Ell. var. _americana_ (DC.) Fern. & Grisc. marsh s. _polycarpa_ Short & Peter manyseed s. _Lychnis alba_ Mill. white cockle _Lycopersicum esculentum_ Mill. tomato _Lycopus_ L. bugleweed _americanus_ Muhl. American b. _asper_ Greene (_L. lucidus_ Turcz.) rough b. _virginicus_ L. Virginia b. _Lygodesmia_ D. Don skeletonplant _juncea_ (Pursh) D. Don rush s. _rostrata_ Gray beaked s. _Lysimachia_ L. (including _Steironema_ Raf.) loosestrife _ciliata_ L. fringed l. _nummularia_ L. moneywort _Lythrum alatum_ Pursh winged lythrum _Machaeranthera_ Nees (see _Aster_) _Macuillamia_ (see _Bacopa_) _Malacothrix sonchoides_ (Nutt.) T. & G. sowthistle malacothrix _Malva_ L. mallow _neglecta_ Wallr. common m. _rotundifolia_ L. running m. _sylvestris_ L. high m. _verticillata_ L. cluster m. _Mamillaria_ Haw. (_Neomamillaria_ Britt.) mamillaria _missouriensis_ Sweet (including _M. similis_ Engelm.) Missouri m. _vivipara_ (Nutt.) Haw. [including _Neomamillaria radiosa_ (Engelm.) Rybd.] _Marrubium vulgare_ L. common hoarhound _Martynia_ (see _Proboscidea_) _Melampodium cinereum_ DC. (_M. leucanthum_ T. & G.) plains blackfoot _Menispermum canadense_ L. common moonseed _Mentha arvensis_ L. field mint _Mentzelia_ L. mentzelia _decapetala_ (Pursh) Urban & Gilg tenpetal m. _nuda_ (Pursh) T. & G. var. _stricta_ (Osterh.) Harrington [_M. stricta_ (Osterh.) Stevens ex Jeff. & Little] bractless m. _oligosperma_ Nutt. stickleaf m. _Microseris cuspidata_ (Pursh) Schultz-Bip. [_Agoseris c._ (Pursh) Raf.] wavyleaf agoseris _Mimulus_ L. monkeyflower _alatus_ Ait. sharpwing m. _glabratus_ HBK. roundleaf m. _ringens_ L. Alleghany m. _Mirabilis_ L. (including _Oxybaphus_ L’Her., & _Allionia_ Loefl.) four-o’clock _albida_ (Walt.) Heimerl white f. _carletoni_ (Standl.) Standl. carleton f. _hirsuta_ (Pursh) MacM. hairy f. _linearis_ (Pursh) Heimerl narrowleaf f. _nyctaginea_ (Michx.) MacM. prairie f. _Mollugo verticillata_ L. carpetweed _Monarda_ L. beebalm _citriodora_ Cerv. lemon b. _clinopodioides_ Gray basil b. _fistulosa_ L. var. _menthaefolia_ (Graham) Fern. (_M. menthaefolia_ Graham) mintleaf b. _fistulosa_ L. var. _mollis_ (L.) Benth. (_M. mollis_ L.) wildbergamot b. _punctata_ L. subsp. _occidentalis_ Epl. (_M. pectinata_ Nutt.) spotted b. _Monolepis nuttalliana_ (R. & S.) Greene nuttall monolepis _Myosotis verna._ Nutt. (_M. virginica_ of manuals) Virginia forgetmenot _Myosurus minimus_ L. tiny mousetail _Myriophyllum_ L. parrotfeather _heterophyllum_ Michx. changeleaf p. _pinnatum_ (Walt.) BSP. green p. _Nasturtium officinale_ R. Br. nasturtium _Nelumbo lutea_ (Willd.) Pers. [?_N. pentapetala_ (Walt.) Fern.] American lotus _Nepeta_ L. (see also _Glechoma_) nepeta _cataria_ L. catnip _Nicotiana_ L. tobacco _Nuphar advena_ (Ait.) Ait. f. spatterdock cowlily _Nymphaea odorata_ Ait. American waterlily _Oënothera_ L. eveningprimrose _albicaulis_ Pursh pale e. _biennis_ L. common e. _biennis_ L. var. _hirsutissima_ Gray [_O. strigosa_ (Rydb.) Mackenz. & Bush] bristly-common e. _canescens_ Torr. & Frem. beakpod e. _coronopifolia_ T. & G. combleaf e. _fremontii_ S. Wats. fremont e. _hartwegii_ Benth. var. _fendleri_ Gray fendler e. _hookeri_ T. & G. hooker e. _laciniata_ Hill cutleaf e. _lavandulaefolia_ T. & G. lavenderleaf e. _linifolia_ Nutt. narrowleaf e. _missouriensis_ Sims Missouri e. _rhombipetala_ Nutt. fourpoint e. _serrulata_ Nutt. serrateleaf e. _speciosa_ Nutt. white e. _tetragona_ Roth var. _latifolia_ (Rydb.) Fern. (_Kneiffia latifolia_ Rydb.) broadleaf e. _triloba_ Nutt. stemless e. _Onosmodium_ Michx. marbleseed _hispidissimum_ Mackenz. rough m. _occidentale_ Mackenz. western m. _Oonopsis engelmannii_ (see _Haplapappus_) _Opuntia_ Mill. pricklypear; cholla _arborescens_ Engelm. [_O. imbricata_ (Haw.) DC.] walkingstick c. _fragilis_ (Nutt.) Haw. brittle p. _humifusa_ Raf. common p. _macrorhiza_ Engelm. bigroot p. _polyacantha_ Haw. plains p. _tortispina_ Engelm. twistspine p. _Oreocarya_ (see _Cryptantha_) _Orobanche_ L. broomrape _ludoviciana_ Nutt. Louisiana b. _uniflora_ L. ghostpipe _Osmorhiza longistylis_ (Torr.) DC. longstyle sweetroot _Othake_ (see _Palafoxia_) _Oxalis_ L. oxalis _europaea_ Jord. European yellow o. _stricta_ L. common yellow o. _violacea_ L. violet woodsorrel o. _Oxybaphus_ (included in _Mirabilis_) _Palafoxia spacelata_ (Nutt.) Cory [_Othake s._ (Nutt.) Rydb.] othake _Parietaria pensylvanica_ Muhl. pellitory _Paronychia_ Mill. nailwort _canadensis_ (L.) Wood [_Anychia c._ (L.) BSP.] Canada n. _fastigiata_ (Raf.) Fern. (_Anychia polygonoides_ Raf.) forked n. _jamesii_ T. & G. james n. _Parthenium integrifolium_ L. parthenium _Pastinaca sativa_ L. parsnip _Pectis angustifolia_ Torr. pectis _Pedicularis canadensis_ L. pedicularis _Penstemon_ Mitchell penstemon _albidus_ Nutt. white p. _ambiguus_ Torr. gilia p. _angustifolius_ Nutt. ex Pursh, subsp. _caudatus_ (Heller) Keck narrowleaf p. _buckleyi_ Pennell buckley p. _cobaea_ Nutt. cobaea p. _digitalis_ Nutt. smooth p. _grandiflorus_ Nutt. shell-leaf p. _pallidus_ Small pale p. _tubaeflorus_ Nutt. tube p. _Penthorum sedoides_ L. penthorum _Perideridia americana_ (Nutt.) Reichenb. (_Eulophus a._ Nutt.) eulophus _Perilla frutescens_ (L.) Britt. common perilla _Phacelia_ Juss. phacelia _gilioides_ A. Brand (_P. hirsuta_ of many SW botanists, not Nutt.) hairy p. _integrifolia_ Torr. gyp p. _Phellopterus_ (see _Cymopterus_) _Phlox_ L. phlox _bifida_ Beck tenpoint p. _divaricata_ L. sweetwilliam p. _paniculata_ L. summer p. _pilosa_ L. prairie p. _Phryma leptostachya_ L. lopseed _Physalis_ L. groundcherry _angulata_ L. cutleaf g. _comata_ Rydb. hillside g. _heterophylla_ Nees [including _P. ambigua_ (Gray) Rydb.] clammy g. _ixocarpa_ Brotero tomatillo g. _lanceolata_ Michx. lanceleaf g. _lobata_ Torr. [_Quincula_ l. (Torr.) Raf.] chineselantern _longifolia_ Nutt. spearleaf g. _macrophysa_ Rydb. bladder g. _missouriensis_ Mackenz. & Bush Missouri g. _pendula_ Rydb. purplevein g. _pruinosa_ L. hairy g. _pubescens_ L. downy g. _pumila_ Nutt. prairie g. _rotundata_ Rydb. roundleaf g. _subglabrata_ Mackenz. & Bush taperleaf g. _virginiana_ Mill. Virginia g. _Physostegia_ Benth. lionsheart _intermedia_ (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray intermediate l. _virginiana_ (L.) Benth. Virginia l. _Phytolacca americana_ L. (_P. decandra_ L.) common pokeberry _Picradeniopsis_ (see _Bahia_) _Pilea pumila_ (L.) A. Gray clearweed _Plantago_ L. plantain _aristata_ Michx. bottlebrush p. _lanceolata_ L. buckhorn p.[45] _purshii_ R. & S. woolly p. _pusilla_ Nutt. (_P. elongata_ of manuals, not Pursh) slender p. _rhodosperma_ Dcne. redseed p. _rugelii_ Dcne. blackseed p. _spinulosa_ Dcne. brittlebract p. _virginica_ L. paleseed p. _Podophyllum peltatum_ L. common mayapple _Polanisia trachysperma_ T. & G. roughseed clammyweed _Polemonium reptans_ L. creeping polemonium _Polygala_ L. polygala _alba_ Nutt. white p. _incarnata_ L. _sanguinea_ L. (including _P. viridescens_ L.) blood p. _verticillata_ L. whorled p. _Polygonum_ L. (see also _Tovara_) knotweed; smartweed _aviculare_ L. (including _P. buxiforme_ Small) prostrate k. _coccineum_ Muhl. swamp s. _convolvulus_ L. climbing-buckwheat _erectum_ L. erect k. _hydropiper_ L. marshpepper s. _hydropiperoides_ Michx. swamp s. _lapathifolium_ L. (including _P. tomentosum_ of manuals) curltop s. _longistylum_ Small longstyle s. _pensylvanicum_ L. (including _P. omissum_ Greene) Pennsylvania s. _persicaria_ L. ladysthumb s. _persicarioides_ HBK. southwest s. _punctatum_ Ell. dotted s. _ramosissimum_ Michx. bushy k. _tenue_ Michx. slim k. _Polytaenia nuttalii_ DC. polytaenia _Portulaca_ L. portulaca; purslane _oleracea_ L. common purslane _parvula_ Gray slenderleaf purslane _Potentilla_ L. cinquefoil _arguta_ Pursh clammy c. _norvegica_ L. Norwegian c. _paradoxa_ Nutt. bushy c. _rivalis_ Nutt. brook c. _simplex_ Michx. (_P. canadensis_ of manuals, not L.) oldfield c. _sulfurea_ Lam. _Prenanthes aspera_ Michx. rough rattlesnakeroot _Prionopsis ciliata_ (see _Haplopappus ciliatus_) _Proboscidea louisianica_ (Mill.) Thell. (_Martynia l._ Mill.) common devilsclaw _Prunella vulgaris_ L. var. _lanceolata_ (Bart.) Fern. common selfheal _Psilostrophe villosa_ Rydb. paperflower _Ptilimnium nuttallii_ (DC.) Brit. mockbishopweed _Ptiloria_ (see _Stephanomeria_) _Pycnanthemum_ Michx. mountainmint _flexuosum_ (Walt.) BSP. slender m. _pilosum_ Nutt. woods m. _Pyrrhopappus_ DC. falsedandelion _carolinianus_ (Walt.) DC. Carolina f. _scaposus_ DC. (_P. grandiflorus_ Nutt.) tuber f. _Quincula_ (see _Physalis_) _Ranunculus_ L. buttercup; crowfoot _abortivus_ L. littleleaf b. _acris_ L. tall b. _cymbalaria_ Pursh shore b. _fascicularis_ Muhl. tufted b. _flabellaris_ Raf. threadleaf b. _hispidus_ Michx. bristly b. _longirostris_ Godr. longbeak b. _sceleratus_ L. cursed c. _Raphanus_ L. radish _Ratibida_ Raf. prairieconeflower _columnifera_ (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. upright p. _pinnata_ (Vent.) Barnh. grayhead p. _tagetes_ (James) Barnh. shortray p. _Rheum_ L. rhubarb _Ricinus communis_ L. castorbean _Rorippa Scop._ (see also _Armoracia_) yellowcress; marshcress _islandica_ (Oeder) Borbas [including _R. hispida_ (DC.) Britt. & _R. palustris_ (L.) Bess.] bog y. _sessiliflora_ (Nutt.) Hitchc. stalkless y. _sinuata_ (Nutt.) Hitchc. spreading y. _Rotala ramosior_ (L.) Koehne var. _interior_ Fern. & Grisc. rotala _Rudbeckia_ L. (see also _Dracopis_) coneflower _grandiflora_ (D. Don) Gmel. rough c. _hirta_ L. blackeyedsusan _laciniata_ L. cutleaf c. _subtomentosa_ Pursh sweet c. _triloba_ L. browneyedsusan _Ruellia_ L. ruellia _humilis_ Nutt. (_R. ciliosa_ of manuals, in part; _R. caroliniensis_ of manuals, in part) fringeleaf r. _strepens_ L. limestone r. _Rumex_ L. dock; sorrel _acetosella_ L. red s. _altissimus_ Wood pale d. _crispus_ L. curled d. _hastatulus_ Baldw. heartwing s. _maritimus_ L. var. _fueginus_ (Phil.) Dusen (_R. persicarioides_ of manuals, not L.) golden d. _obtusifolius_ L. bitter d. _patientia_ L. patience d. _venosus_ Pursh veiny d. _Sabatia_[46] _campestris_ Nutt. prairie rosegentian _Sagina decumbens_ (Ell.) T. & G. trailing pearlwort _Salsola kali_ L. (_S. pestifer_ Nels.) russianthistle _Salvia_ L. sage _azurea_ Lam. var. _grandiflora_ Benth. (_S. pitcheri_ Torr.) pitcher s. _officinalis_ L. garden s. _reflexa_ Hornem. (including _S. lanceolata_ Willd., & _S. lanceafolia_ of authors, not Poir.) lanceleaf s. _Samolus parviflorus_ Raf. samolus _Sanguinaria canadensis_ L. bloodroot _Sanicula_ L. sanicle _canadensis_ L. Canada s. _gregaria_ Bickn. cluster s. _marilandica_ L. black s. _Saponaria_ L. soapwort _officinalis_ L. bouncingbet _vaccaria_ L. (_Vaccaria vulgaris_ Host) cow s. _Scrophularia_ L. figwort _lanceolata_ Pursh lanceleaf f. _marilandica_ L. Maryland f. _Scutellaria_ L. skullcap _incana_ Biehler hoary s. _lateriflora_ L. sideflowering s. _ovata_ Hill eggleaf s. _parvula_ Michx. var. _australis_ Fassett [_S. australis_ (Fassett) Epling] southern-small s. _parvula_ Michx. var. _leonardi_ (Epling) Fern. (_S. leonardi_ Epling) leonard-small s. _parvula_ Michx. var. _parvula_ small s. _resinosa_ Torr. resinous s. _Sedum_ L. stonecrop _Selenia aurea_ Nutt. golden selenia _Senecio_ L. groundsel _aureus_ L. golden g. _integerrimus_ Nutt. lambstongue g. _obovatus_ Muhl. roundleaf g. _plattensis_ Nutt. prairie g. _riddellii_ T. & G. riddell g. _tridenticulatus_ Rydb. _Sesamum indicum_ L. sesame _Sicyos angulatus_ L. burcucumber _Sida spinosa_ L. prickly sida _Sideranthus_ (see _Haplopappus_) _Silene_ L. silene _antirrhina_ L. sleepy s. (sleepy catchfly) _cucubalus_ Wibel [_S. latifolia_ (Mill.) Britten & Rendle, _S. vulgaris_ (Moench) Garcke, & _S. inflata_ Sm.] cowbell s. _noctiflora_ L. nightflowering s. _stellata_ (L.) Ait. f. starry s. _Silphium_ L. rosinweed _integrifolium_ Michx. (including _S. speciosum_ Nutt.) wholeleaf r. _laciniatum_ L. compassplant _perfoliatum_ L. cup r. _Sisymbrium_ L. sisymbrium _altissimum_ L. tumblemustard _officinale_ (L.) Scop. hedgemustard _Solanum_ L. nightshade _carolinense_ L. horsenettle _elaeagnifolium_ Cav. silverleaf n. _nigrum_ L. black n. _rostratum_ Dunal buffalobur n. _torreyi_ Gray torrey n. _triflorum_ Nutt. cutleaf n. _tuberosum_ L. potato _Solidago_ L. goldenrod _altissima_ L. (including some Kansas specimens called _S. dumetorum_ Lunell) tall g. _angusta_ T. & G. (_S. lindheimeriana_ Scheele) _canadensis_ L. Canada g. _gigantea_ Ait. (including _S. serotina_ Ait.) November g. _graminifolia_ (L.) Salisb. [_Euthamia g._ (L.) Nutt.] grassleaf g. _gymnospermoides_ (Greene) Fern. (_Euthamia g._ Greene) sticky g. _missouriensis_ Nutt. (including _S. glaberrima_ Martens & _S. moritura_ Steele) Missouri g. _mollis_ Bartl. ashy g. _nemoralis_ Ait. dyersweed g. _petiolaris_ Ait. downy g. _pruinosa_ Greene (including some Kansas specimens called _S. dumetorum_ Lunell) _rigida_ L. stiff g. _sparsiflora_ Gray (_S. trinervata_ Greene) threenerve g. _speciosa_ Nutt. var. _rigidiuscula_ T. & G. [_S. rigidiuscula_ (T. & G.) Porter] showywand g. _speciosa_ Nutt. var. _speciosa_ noble g. _ulmifolia_ Muhl. elmleaf g. _Sonchus_ L. sowthistle _arvensis_ L. perennial s. _asper_ (L.) Hill prickly s. _oleraceus_ L. common s. _Specularia_ Fabricius venuslookingglass _biflora_ (R. & P.) Fisch. & Mey. small v. _leptocarpa_ (Nutt.) Gray slimpod v. _perfoliata_ (L.) A. DC. clasping v. _Spermolepis_ Raf. spermolepis _divaricata_ (Walt) Britt. forked s. _inermis_ (Nutt.) Math. & Const. [_S. patens_ (Nutt.) Robins.] spreading s. _Sphaeralcea_ St. Hil. globemallow _angusta_ (Gray) Fern. _angustifolia_ (Cav.) Don var. _cuspidata_ Gray (_S. cuspidata_ of manuals) narrowleaf g. _coccinea_ (Pursh) Rydb. scarlet g. _Stachys tenuifolia_ Willd. slenderleaf betony _Stanleya pinnata_ (Pursh) Britt. desert princesplume _Steironema_ (included in _Lysimachia_) _Stellaria media_ (L.) Cyrillo chickweed _Stenosiphon linifolius_ (Nutt.) Britt. stenosiphon _Stephanomeria pauciflora_ (Torr.) A. Nels. [_Ptiloria_ p. (Torr.) Raf.] wirelettuce _Stillingia sylvatica_ L. var. _salicifolia_ Torr. [_S. salicifolia_ (Torr.) Raf.] stillingia _Striga lutea_ Lour. witchweed _Suaeda depressa_ (Pursh) S. Wats. [including _S. erecta_ (Wats.) A. Nels.] pursh seepweed (seablite) _Taenidia integerrima_ (L.) Drude yellow taenidia _Talinum_ Adans. fameflower _calycinum_ Engelm. rockpink f. _parviflorum_ Nutt. prairie f. _Tanacetum vulgare_ L. common tansy _Taraxacum_ Zinn dandelion _laevigatum_ (Willd.) DC. (_T. erythrospermum_ Andrz.) smooth d. _officinale_ Weber (_T. vulgare_ Lam.) common d. _Teucrium_ L. germander _canadense_ L. var. _virginicum_ (L.) Eat. American g. _laciniatum_ Torr. cutleaf g. _occidentale_ Gray hairy g. _Thalictrum dasycarpum_ Fisch. & Lall. purple meadowrue _Thaspium_ Nutt. thaspium _barbinode_ (Michx.) Nutt. hairyjoint t. _trifoliatum_ (L.) Gray threeleaf t. _Thelesperma_ Less. greenthread _gracile_ (Torr.) Gray slender g. _trifidum_ (Poir.) Britt. threecleft g. _Thlaspi arvense_ L. pennycress _Tidestromia lanuginosa_ (Nutt.) Standl. woolly tidestromia _Tithymalus_ (see _Euphorbia_) _Tomanthera_ (see _Gerardia_) _Tovara virginiana_ (L.) Raf. (_Polygonum v._ L.) Virginia tovara _Townsendia sericea_ Hook. [_T. exscapa_ (Rich.) Porter] stemless townsendia _Tragia urticifolia_ Michx. (_T. nepetaefolia_ of manuals, not Cav., including _T. ramosa_ of manuals, not Torr.) nettleleaf noseburn _Tragopogon_ L. salsify _dubius_ Scop. (_T. major_ Jacq.) western s. _porrifolius_ L. vegetable-oyster s. _pratensis_ L. meadow s. _Tribulus terrestris_ L. puncturevine _Triosteum_ L. horsegentian _aurantiacum_ Bickn. orange h. _perfoliatum_ L. common h. _Urtica procera_ Muhl. tall nettle _Utricularia vulgaris_ L. common bladderwort _Vaccaria_ (see _Saponaria_) _Valerianella radiata_ (L.) Dufr. cornsalad _Verbascum_ L. mullein _blattaria_ L. moth m. _thapsus_ L. flannel m. _Verbena_ L. verbena _bipinnatifida_ Nutt. Dakota v. _bracteata_ Lag. & Rodr. bigbract v. _canadensis_ (L.) Britt. rose v. _hastata_ L. blue v. _simplex_ Lehm. narrowleaf v. _stricta_ Vent. woolly v. _urticifolia_ L. white v. _Verbesina_ L. crownbeard _alternifolia_ (L.) Britt. [_Actinomeris a._ (L.) DC.] wingstem _encelioides_ (Cav.) B. & H. (_Ximenesia e._ Cav.) golden c. _virginica_ L. white c. _Vernonia_ Schreb. ironweed _baldwini_ Torr. var. _baldwini_ baldwin i. _baldwini_ Torr. var. _interior_ (Small) Schub. inland i. _crinita_ Raf. bur i. _marginata_ (Torr.) Raf. plains i. _Veronica_ L. speedwell _arvensis_ L. common s. _peregrina_ L. purslane s. _polita_ Fries (_V. didyma_ Ten.) wayside s. _salina_ Schur. (_V. connata_ of manuals) cupleaf s. _serpyllifolia_ L. thymeleaf s. _Veronicastrum virginicum_ (L.) Farw. culversphysic _Viola_ L. violet _eriocarpa_ Schw. woolpod v. _kitaibeliana_ R. & S. var. _rafinesquii_ (Greene) Fern. (_V. rafinesquii_ Greene) johnnyjumpup _missouriensis_ Greene Missouri v. _nuttallii_ Pursh nuttall v. _papilionacea_ Pursh butterfly v. _pedata_ L. birdsfoot v. _pedatifida_ G. Don prairie v. _sororia_ Willd. sister v. _Xanthium strumarium_ L. (including _X. chinense_ Mill., _X. globosum_ Shull, _X. italicum_ Moretti, _X. pensylvanicum_ Wallr., and _X. speciosum_ Kearney) cocklebur _Ximenesia_ (see _Verbesina_) _Zinnia grandiflora_ Nutt. Rocky Mountain zinnia _Zizia aurea_ (L.) W. D. J. Koch golden zizia FOOTNOTES: [43] _Asclepiodora_ is included in _Asclepias_ in some manuals. [44] From Gray: spelled _syphilitica_ in some manuals. [45] The word “plantain” may be omitted from the common name of this species, calling it simply “buckhorn.” [46] From Gray: spelled _Sabbatia_ in some manuals. =WOODY PLANTS= _Acer_ L. maple _negundo_ L. boxelder _nigrum_ Michx. f. black m. _saccharinum_ L. silver m. _saccharum_ Marsh. sugar m. _Aesculus_ L. buckeye _glabra_ Willd. var. _glabra_ Ohio b. _glabra_ Willd. var. _sargentii_ Rehd. western b. _Ailanthus altissima_ (Mill.) Swingle treeofheaven _Amelanchier arborea_ (Michx. f.) Fern. (_A. canadensis_ sensu Wieg., not Medic.) serviceberry _Amorpha_ L. amorpha _canescens_ Pursh leadplant _fruticosa_ L. indigobush a. _nana_ Nutt. dwarfindigo a. _Ampelopsis cordata_ Michx. heartleaf falsegrape _Artemisia filifolia_ Torr. sand sagebrush _Asimina triloba_ (L.) Dunal pawpaw _Atriplew_ L. saltbush _argentea_ Nutt. silverscale s. _canescens_ (Pursh) Nutt. fourwing s. _patula_ L. fat-hen s. _Baccharis_ L. baccharis _neglecta_ Britt. landbank b. _salicina_ T. & G. willow b. _wrightii_ Gray wright b. _Berberis_ L. barberry _thunbergii_ DC. Japanese b. _vulgaris_ L. European b. _Betula nigra_ L. river birch _Bumelia lanuginosa_ (Michx.) Pers. woollybucket bumelia _Campsis_ Lour. trumpetcreeper _grandiflora_ (Thunb.) Laisel Chinese t. _radicans_ (L.) Seem. common t. _Caragana arborescens_ Lam. Siberian peashrub _Carya_ Nutt. hickory _cordiformis_ (Wang.) K. Koch bitternut h. _illinoensis_ (Wang.) K. Koch [_C. pecan_ (Marsh.) Engl. & Graebn.] pecan _laciniosa_ (Michx. f.) Loud. shellbark h. _ovalis_ (Wang.) Sarg. red h. _ovalis_ var. _obovalis_ (Marsh.) Sarg. pignut h. _ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch shagbark h. _tomentosa_ Nutt. mockernut h. _villosa_ Ashe black h. _Catalpa_ Scop. catalpa _Ceanothus_ L. ceanothus _americanus_ L. jerseytea c. _ovatus_ Desf. inland c. _Celastrus scandens_ L. American bittersweet _Celtis_ L. hackberry _laevigata_ Willd. southern h. _occidentalis_ L. [_C. occidentalis_ L. var. _crassifolia_ (Lam.) Gray] common h. _reticulata_ Torr. (including _C. rugulosa_ Rydb.) netleaf h. _tenuifolia_ Nutt. (_C. pumila_ of most Amer. authors, not Pursh) small h. _Cephalanthus occidentalis_ L. common buttonbush _Cercis canadensis_ L. eastern redbud _Chrysothamnus pulchellus_ (Gray) Greene southwest rabbitbrush _Cornus_ L. dogwood _drummondi_ Meyer (_C. asperifolia_ of authors, not Michx.) roughleaf d. _obliqua_ Raf. pale d. _Corylus_ L. filbert[47] _americana_ Walt. American f. _cornuta_ Marsh. beaked f. _Crataegus_ L. hawthorn _calpodendron_ (Ehrh.) Medic. pear h. _collina_ Chapm. sandhill h. _crus-galli_ L. cockspur h. _mollis_ (T. & G.) Scheele downy h. _succulenta_ Link fleshy h. _viridis_ L. green h. _Cytisus_ L. broom _Diospyros virginiana_ L. common persimmon _Elaeagnus angustifolia_ L. russianolive _Euonymus_ L. euonymus _americanus_ L. brook e. _atropurpureus_ Jacq. eastern wahoo _Eurotia lanata_ (Pursh) Moq. winterfat _Fraxinus_ L. ash _americana_ L. white a. _pennsylvanica_ Marsh var. _pennsylvanica_ red a. _pennsylvanica_ Marsh var. _subintegerrima_ (Vahl) Fern. [var. _lanceolata_ (Borkh.) Sarg.] green a. _quadrangulata_ Michx. blue a. _Ginkgo biloba_ L. ginkgo _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L. common honeylocust _Gutierrezia sarothrae_ (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby (including _G. diversifolia_ Greene, & _G. linearis_ Rydb.) broom snakeweed _Gymnocladus dioica_ (L.) K. Koch Kentucky coffeetree _Ilex decidua_ Walt. holly _Juglans_ L. walnut _cinerea_ L. butternut _nigra_ L. black w. _Juniperus virginiana_ L. redcedar; juniper _Lespedeza bicolor_ Turcz. shrub lespedeza _Lonicera dioica_ L. var. _glaucescens_ (Rydb.) Butters (_L. glaucescens_ Rydb.) honeysuckle _Lycium halimifolium_ Mill. matrimonyvine _Maclura pomifera_ (Rat) Schneid. osageorange _Mahonia aquifolium_ (Pursh) Nutt. (_Berberis a._ Pursh, _Odostemon a._ of manuals) oregongrape _Malus_ (see _Pyrus_) _Morus_ L. mulberry _alba_ L. white m. _nigra_ L. black m. _rubra_ L. red m. _Odostemon_ (see _Mahonia_) _Ostrya virginiana_ (Mill.) K. Koch American hophornbeam _Parthenocissus_ Planch. creeper _quinquefolia_ (L.) Planch. Virginia c. _vitacea_ (Knerr) Hitchc. thicket c. _Platanus occidentalis_ L. sycamore _Populus_ L. cottonwood; poplar _alba_ L. white p. _deltoides_ Marsh. eastern c. _sargentii_ Dode plains c. _Prosopis juliflora_ (Swartz) DC. (_P. chilensis_ of manuals, including _P. glandulosa_ Torr. & _P. velutina_ Woot.) mesquite _Prunus_ L. plum; cherry _americana_ Marsh. var. _americana_ American p. _americana_ Marsh. var. _lanata_ Sudw. (_P. lanata_ Mackenz. & Bush) inch p. _angustifolia_ Marsh. chickasaw p. _besseyi_ Bailey sand c. _gracilis_ Engelm. & Gray Oklahoma p. _hortulana_ Bailey hortulan p. _mexicana_ S. Wats. Mexican p. _munsoniana_ Wight & Hedr. wildgoose p. _serotina_ Ehrh. black c. _virginiana_ L. common chokecherry _Ptelea trifoliata_ L. common hoptree _Pyrus_ L. (including _Malus_ Mill.) apple; crabapple _angustifolia_ Ait. southern c. _communis_ L. pear _coronaria_ L. wild sweet c. _ioensis_ (Wood) Bailey prairie c. _malus_ L. (_Malus pumila_ Mill.) common a. _Quercus_ L. oak _alba_ L. white o. _imbricaria_ Michx. shingle o. _macrocarpa_ Michx. bur o. _marilandica_ Muenchh. blackjack o. _muchlenbergii_ Engelm. [_Q. prinoides_ Willd. var. _acuminata_ (Michx.) Gl.] chinquapin o. _palustris_ Muenchh. pin o. _prinoides_ Willd. dwarf chinquapin o. _rubra_ L. var. _rubra_ (_Q. borealis_ Michx. f. var. _maxima_ Ashe) eastern red o. _rubra_ L. var. _borealis_ (Michx. f.) Farw. (_Q. borealis_ Michx. f.) northern red o. _shumardii_ Buckl. var. _shumardii_ shumard o. _shumardii_ Buckl. var. _schneckii_ (Britt.) Sarg. schneck o. _stellata_ Wang. post o. _velutina_ Lam. black o. _X hillii_ Trel. (_Q. bicolor_ Willd. _X Q. macrocarpa_ Michx.) hills o. _Rhamnus lanceolata_ Pursh lanceleaf buckthorn _Rhus_ L. sumac _aromatica_ Ait. (including _R. trilobata_ Nutt.) aromatic s. _copallina_ L. flameleaf s. _glabra_ L. smooth s. _radicans_ L. (_R. toxicodendron_ of manuals, in part, not L.)[48] poisonivy _Ribes_ L. gooseberry; currant _missouriense_ Nutt. Missouri g. _odoratum_ Wendland f. flowering c. _Robinia_ L. locust _pseudo-acacia_ L. black l. _viscosa_ Vent. clammy l. _Rosa_ L. rose _arkansana_ Porter var. _suffulta_ (Greene) Cockerell (_R. suffulta_ Greene) Arkansas r. _blanda_ Ait. meadow r. _carolina_ L. carolina r. _multiflora_ Thunb. multiflora r. _rubifolia_ R. Br. redleaf r. _setigera_ Michx. prairie r. _woodsii_ Lindl. woods r. _Rubus_ L. blackberry; dewberry; raspberry _flagellaris_ Willd. northern d. _laciniatus_ Willd. cutleaf b. _occidentalis_ L. blackcap r. _odoratus_ L. fragrant thimbleberry _ostryifolius_ Rydb. highbrush b. _Salix_ L. willow _amygdaloides_ Anderss. almondleaf w. _babylonica_ L. weeping w. _caroliniana_ Michx. (_S. longipes_ Shuttlew.,_S. wardi_ Bebb) coastalplain w. _discolor_ Muhl. pussy w. _eriocephala_ Michx. (_S. missouriensis_ Bebb) diamond w. _exigua_ Nutt. coyote w. _fragilis_ L. brittle w. _humilis_ Marsh. var. _microphylla_, (Anderss.) Fern. (_S. tristis_ Ait.) dwarf pussy w. _humilis_ Marsh. var. _humilis_, & var. _hyporhysa_ Fern. [These two include var.] _rigidiuscula_ (Anderss.) Robins. & Fern. prairie w. _interior_ Rowlee sandbar w. _nigra_ Marsh. black w. _rigida_ Muhl. (_S. cordata_ Muhl., not Michx.) heartleaf w. _Sambucus canadensis_ L. American elderberry _Sapindas drummondi_ H. & A. western soapberry _Sarcobatus vermiculatus_ (Hook.) Torr. greasewood _Sassafras albidum_ (Nutt.) Nees common sassafras _Sorbus aucuparia_ L. European mountainash _Staphylea trifolia_ L. American bladdernut _Symphoricarpos_ Duham. snowberry _occidentalis_ Hook. western s. _orbiculatus_ Moench buckbrush _Syringa vulgaris_ L. common lilac _Tamarix_ L. tamarisk _Tilia_ L. linden; basswood[49] _americana_ L. (including _T. palmeri_ Bush ex. F. C. Gates) American l. _europaea_ L. European l. _platyphyllos_ Scop. bigleaf l. _Ulmus_ L. elm _alata_ Michx. winged e. _americana_ L. American e. _carpinifolia_ Gleditsch. smoothleaf e. _parvifolia_ Jacq. Chinese e. _procera_ Salisb. English e. _pumila_ L. Siberian e. _rubra_ Muhl. (_U. fulva_ Michx.) slippery e. _thomasi_ Sarg. rock e. _Viburnum_ L. viburnum _prunifolium_ L. blackhaw v. _rufidulum_ Raf. rusty blackhaw v. _Vitis_ L. wild grape _Wisteria macrostachya_ Nutt. wisteria _Xanthoxylum americanum_ Mill. common pricklyash _Yucca glauca_ Nutt. small soapweed FOOTNOTES: [47] Hazel in many texts. [48] _R. radicans_ is an extremely variable species. [49] Basswood, a lumber trade name. LIST OF SPECIES NAMES IN COMMON USE AND THEIR ENGLISH MEANING acaulis stemless acicularis needle-like acuminatus long-pointed, tapering aestivalis summer affinis related to agrostoides similar to agrostis airoides sky-blue alatus winged alba white albidus, albus white alopecuroides foxtail alternifolius alternate-leaved altissimus very tall amabilis lovely amplexicaulis clasping the stem anceps two-headed or edged angustifolius narrow-leaved apiculatus tipped with a point annua yearly arachnifera spiderwebby arborescens tree-like arenarius of sandy places arenicola sand inhabitant argenteus silvery argillaceus of clay or clay-colored argutus sharp-toothed arida dry aridus arid aristatus bearded arundinacea reed-bearing arundinaceous reed-like arvensis of cultivated fields asper rough asperifolia rough leaves atropurpureus dark-purple atrovirens dark-green aureus golden australis southern azureus sky-blue baccatus berried barbatus barbed, bearded barbinodis barbed at nodes barbulatum bearded basirmea branches low; toward bottom bicolor two-colored bidentata two-toothed bifidum two-forked bifidus twice-cut biflorus two-flowered borealis northern brachystachy short-spiked bulbifera bulb-bearing caeruleus sky-blue, dark-blue campanularia bell-flowered campestris of the fields or plains candidus white, shining canescens gray-hairy capillaris hair-like capitatus headed carinatus keeled catharticus cathartic caudatus tailed cernuus drooping chloranthus green-flowered ciliatifolium hairy leaves cilianensis hairy ciliaris, ciliatus fringed cinereus ash-colored circulare round clandestinus concealed coccineus scarled colonum cultivated comatus with hair communis gregarious commutatus changing comosus long-haired compressa compressed compressus compressed confertus crowded confusus confused, uncertain contortus contorted contracta narrowed cordatus heart-shaped corniculatus horned crassifolius thick-leaved cristatus crested crus-galli cockspur cryptandrus hidden stamens cucullata hooded pedicel cuneatus wedge-shaped curtipedicellata short pedicel curtipendula short pendula cuspidata sharp, pointed dactyloides finger-shaped dactylon finger debilis weak decumbens reclining deflexus bent downward deltoides triangular depauperatum stunted dichotoma forked in pairs dichotomiflorum flowering in twos diffusa loosely branching dilatatum dilated, expanded discolor different colors distichum 2-rank; leaves or flowers in rank on opposites sides of stem divaricata spreading, widely divergent donax reed or cane dubia doubtful dulcis sweet dumosus bushy echinatus prickly edulis edible elatior taller elatus tall elongata lengthened erectum upright eriopoda having hairs at base esculentus edible everta expelled, turned out extensa spread out or stretched out falcatus sickle-shaped fasciculatus fascicled filiformis long, very slender, thread-like fistulosis hollow, cylindrical flabellatus fan-like parts flavescens yellowish flavus yellow flexilis pliant flexuosa alternately bent in different directions floridanum flowering or from Florida fragilis brittle, fragile fragrans fragrant, odorous frondosus leafy frutescens shrubby, bushy furcatus forked geminatum double geniculata bent more or less like a knee geniculatus jointed glaber smooth glabriflorus smooth flower glomerata dense or compact cluster or clusters gracilis slender gramineus grassy hastatus spear-shaped heterolepsis heterogeneous scales heterophyllus various-leaved; with leaves of more than one shape hiomalis pertaining to winter hians spread out hirsuta bristly or prickly hirta hairy hispidus bristly hortensis of or belonging to a garden humilis dwarf hyemalis of winter hystrix bristly incanus hoary indentata toothed, indented indurata hardened inermis unarmed intermedium intermediate interruptis not continuous, irregular jubatum crested, with a mane junceus rush-like labiatus lipped laeve left hand laevigatus smooth laevis smooth lanatus wooly lanosa wooly lanuginosum wooly, downy lanuginosus wooly lasiocarpus rough- or wooly-fruited latifolia broad leaf latiglumis wide glumes laxa loose leucanthus white-flowered leucotricha white hairs linearifolum long, slender leaves longispica long-spiked longpipes long-footed lutescens yellowish or becoming yellow macranthus large-flowered macrocarpus large fruits macrophyllus large-leaved macrus large maculatus spotted malacophyllum soft leaves maritimus of the sea micranthus small-flowered microcarpon small-fruited miliaceum pertaining to millet mirabilis wonderful mollis soft monspeliensis lives in caves and mountains montanus of mountains multiflorum many-flowered muralis of walls murinum mouse-colored mutabile changeable mutabilis variable mutica curtailed nanus dwarf natans floating neglectus overlooked nemoralis of groves or woods nitens shining nudicaulis naked-stemmed nutans nodding obtusata blunt, rounded obtusum blunted, dull occidentale western octoflora 8-flowered officinalis official olignathus few-flowered orientalis eastern ornatus adorned ovinus of sheep palustris marsh-loving paniculatus in panicles parviflora small-flowered parvifolius small-leaved patens spreading patula spreading pauciflorus few-flowered pectinatus comb-like perennans perennial phleoides resembling timothy pilifera bearing hairs pilosa with long hairs polyanthes many-flowered polyanthus many-flowered pracocius aggressive pratense of meadows pubens downy pubescens downy, covered with soft hairs pubiflorum downy-flowered pulchellus pretty, beautiful pumila dwarf pumilus dwarf purpurascens purplish purpurea purple pusillum very small ramosissima many-branched ramosus branched repens creeping reptans creeping retroflexus reflaxed regodoseta stiff bristles robustus robust, stout rupestris rock-loving rostratus rostrate, beaked rugosa wrinkled saccharinus saccharine saccaroides sweet; like sugar salinus salty sanguilalis blood-colored sanguineus blood-red sativa cultivated sativus cultivated scandens climbing sciurea resembling squirrel’s tail scoparius broom-like secundiflora one-sided septentrionalis northern sericea silken serotinus late-flowering sessilispicata without pedicel setaceus bristle-like sobolifera bearing creeping, rooting stems or shoots speciosus showy, good-looking spectabilis spectacular, worth seeing sphaerocarpon round-fruited squarrosa with parts spreading or recurved at ends sterilis sterile, infertile stramineum straw-colored strictus strict, upright, erect tectorum of roofs, or houses temulentum drunken tenarum slender, tender, soft tenarius slender tener slender tenuiflora slender flowers tenuis slender, thin tinctorius of dyes tomentosus densely wooly trichodes pilose tridens with 3 teeth trifidus three-parted trunicata blunt uncinatus hooked vaginaeflorus flowers in sheath vaginatus sheathed vernalis vernal vernis of spring versuta versatile verticellata in whorls villosa hairy villosissimum hairy villosus hairy virens green viridis green virgatus twiggy vulgaris common Transcriber’s Note: Words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores, _like this_. Those in bold are surrounded by equal signs, =like this=. Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and were moved to the end of the section in which the anchor occurs. Footnotes [9], [11], [18], [19], [22], and [32] have multiple anchors. Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or partially printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Letters in reversed order and several italics mark-ups were corrected. Final stops missing at the end of abbreviations were added. Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated below. Obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged. Misspelled words were not corrected. In the lists of common names, names are often run together, as in climbingmilkweed and rattlesnakefern; these were not changed. 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